Influenza RNA viral detection in cerebrospinal fluid by PCR in pediatric patients: first report from Cuba

Ramos, Alexander Piñón; Herrera, Belsy Acosta; Ramírez, Odalys Valdés; Valdés, Clara Savón; Hernández, Ángel Goyenechea; González, Grehete; Báez, Guelsys González

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2010.01.002

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Both are pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in systemic inflammation that stimulate the acute phase reaction. Interleukin 12 is a multifunctional cytokine acting as a key regulator of cell-mediated immune responses through the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into type 1 helper T cells (Th1) producing interferon-gamma (IFNγ) [ 51 ]. These cytokines play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many chronic autoimmune diseases [ 52 – 54 ] and are also crucial for the control of intracellular microorganisms [ 55 , 56 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasite Load Induces Progressive Spleen Architecture Breakage and Impairs Cytokine mRNA Expression in Leishmania infantum-Naturally Infected Dogs

Cavalcanti

Ribeiro-Alves²,

Pereira

et al. 2015

PLoS ONE

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Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) shares many aspects with the human disease and dogs are considered the main urban reservoir of L. infantum in zoonotic VL. Infected dogs develop progressive disease with a large clinical spectrum. A complex balance between the parasite and the genetic/immunological background of the host are decisive for infection evolution and clinical outcome. This study comprised 92 Leishmania infected mongrel dogs of various ages from Mato Grosso, Brazil. Spleen samples were collected for determining parasite load, humoral response, cytokine mRNA expression and histopathology alterations. By real-time PCR for the ssrRNA Leishmania gene, two groups were defined; a low (lowP, n = 46) and a high parasite load groups (highP, n = 42). When comparing these groups, results show variable individual humoral immune response with higher specific IgG production in infected animals but with a notable difference in CVL rapid test optical densities (DPP) between highP and lowP groups. Splenic architecture disruption was characterized by disorganization of white pulp, more evident in animals with high parasitism. All cytokine transcripts in spleen were less expressed in highP than lowP groups with a large heterogeneous variation in response. Individual correlation analysis between cytokine expression and parasite load revealed a negative correlation for both pro-inflammatory cytokines: IFNγ, IL-12, IL-6; and anti-inflammatory cytokines: IL-10 and TGFβ. TNF showed the best negative correlation (r2 = 0.231; p<0.001). Herein we describe impairment on mRNA cytokine expression in leishmania infected dogs with high parasite load associated with a structural modification in the splenic lymphoid micro-architecture. We also discuss the possible mechanism responsible for the uncontrolled parasite growth and clinical outcome.

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