“…The Snap4city architecture, quickly described in this paper, through experimentation conducted in different urban areas, highlights a paradigm shift, since it does not adopt an approach simply driven by technology but more specifically driven by data. Big data, open data, sensors, IoT, IoE for monitoring, controlling and managing urban developments, resources, urban infrastructure, energy consumption, traffic congestion, waste, pollution, risks and people, are the tools for governance and urban planning, for which the expected changes are a consequence of a decision-making process based on the data [ 38 , 39 ]. The work presented has exploited Snap4City bigdata for smart city infrastructure and has been developed in the context of Snap4City, TRAFAIR, and GHOST projects.…”