“…By means of IR spectroscopy, the Brønsted sites can directly be observed in the OH stretching range, although more favorably sensitized by probe molecules. The Lewis centers can only be determined by using suitable probes, mainly fairly strong or weak bases such as pyridine, ammonia, quinoline, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen. − Combined with TPD or calorimetry, the different acid centers may be distinguished and their amount and acid strength estimated.…”