“…Energy and climate literatures identify distinct forms of maladaptation related to practical, technical, and equitability issues around air conditioning. These include: air-conditioning electricity demand that overwhelms the energy grid in periods of extreme heat and leads to localised blackouts (Schlosberg et al., 2019); structural and political reliance on private air conditioning to make urban housing developments liveable (Haynes et al., 2021; Lopes et al., 2018; Lopes and Healy, 2021); the consumption of large amounts of energy that meets the needs of some, while exacerbating anthropogenic climate heat for others (Chappells and Shove, 2005; Salamanca et al., 2014; Tremeac et al., 2012; Viguié et al., 2020); and inequitable access amongst urban populations, with lower-income households legally or financially unable to install or run air-conditioning units (Hansen et al., 2011; Nicholls et al., 2017; Waitt and Harada, 2019).…”