Infrequent Detection of TT Virus Infection in Intravenous Drug Users, Prostitutes, and Homosexual Men

Macdonald, D. M.; Scott, G R; Clutterbuck, Dan; Simmonds, Peter

doi:10.1086/314642

Cited by 44 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…These differences in frequency between countries could be due to the different geographical distribution of TTV infections, and the heterogeneity and variability of TTV isolates 11,16 . Variation could also arise due to differences in experimental methods used to determine TTV infection, such as the primers used, and the sensitivity of the PCR methods employed 8,22 . The primer used in our study were identical to that used in the aforementioned studies, suggesting that the discrepancies of TTV frequency between countries were not due to variation in the primer used.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular characterization of Torque teno virus and SEN virus co-infection with HIV in patients from Southern Iran

Pirouzi

Bahmani

Feizabadi

et al. 2014

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction: Torque teno virus (TTV) and SEN virus are circular single-stranded DNA viruses that cause blood-borne infections. The SEN virus (SEN-V) was originally detected in the serum of an injection drug user infected with human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV). Recently TTV was discovered as a potential causative agent of non-A-E hepatitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the SEN-V-D/H and TTV in HIV patients and healthy blood donors in Iran. Methods: One hundred and fi fty HIV patients with a mean age of 50.46 ± 18.46 years and 150 healthy blood donors with a mean age of 48.16 ± 13.73 years were included in this study. TTV and SEN-V were detected by the PCR and were quantitatively assayed by competitive PCR (nested and semi-nested PCR). Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were used to determine the heterogeneity of TTV. Results: TTV and SEN-V were detected 96 (64%) and 84 (56%) of 150 HIV patients respectively. These rates were 34% (n=51) and 37.33% (n=56) in healthy blood donors (signifi cant, p<0.05). PCR detected SEN-V/TTV DNA from 32 of the healthy blood donors (21.33%), while 65 (43.33%) of HIV patients were positive for SEN-V/TTV DNA. Of 150 HIV patients, 32.66% and 23.33% were positive for SEN-V-H and SEN-V-D, respectively and 18.66% (n=28) were co-infected with SEN-V-D/H. Conclusions: The prevalence of SEN-VD/H and TTV is higher in HIV patients than in healthy blood donors in Southern Iran. Our results suggest that TTV and SEN-V might play a role in the development of liver disease in patients with immunodefi ciency diseases.Keywords: Torque teno virus. SEN virus. HIV. Genotype. Blood donors.Recently, a new virus, designated SEN virus (SEN-V), was isolated from serum of an human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV)-positive patient who was an injection drug user 1 . Nine different SEN-V genotypes have been identifi ed (A to I) which have at least 25% divergence in their nucleotide sequences 2 . The SEN-V-D and SEN-V-H genotypes are most frequently in patients with unknown hepatitis (non-A E hepatitis) but exhibit lower frequencies in the sera of healthy blood donors 3 . In addition Torque teno virus (TTV), also known as transfusiontransmitted virus was fi rst identifi ed in a Japanese patient in 1997 4,5 . Torque teno virus is a circular, single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that chronically infects healthy individuals of all ages worldwide. Substantial data exists describing the prevalence and genetic heterogeneity of TTV in healthy populations and patients infected with HIV. The genome of SEN-V is similar to TTV and both are classifi ed within the circovirus family 5 . Both SEN-V and TTV are single-stranded non-enveloped DNA viruses of 3,800 nucleotides 6,7 . Several studies have shown that in HIV-infected patients the prevalence of TTV is slightly higher compare to healthy blood donors 8 . Puig-Basagoiti et al. described a high TTV prevalence among a large HIV-infected group in Spain 9 . The TTV prevalence of 76% among HIV positive individual ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both SEN-V and TTV are single-stranded non-enveloped DNA viruses of 3,800 nucleotides 6,7 . Several studies have shown that in HIV-infected patients the prevalence of TTV is slightly higher compare to healthy blood donors 8 . Puig-Basagoiti et al described a high TTV prevalence among a large HIV-infected group in Spain 9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of Torque teno virus and SEN virus co-infection with HIV in patients from Southern Iran

Pirouzi

Bahmani

Feizabadi

et al. 2014

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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“…Moreover, the frequency of TTV viremia in individuals at high risk for sexual and parenteral infection (intravenous drug users, prostitutes, and homosexual men) was low and not significantly different from that found among low-risk controls, in a study in Edinburgh. 29 Nonparenteral or community-acquired ways of transmission of TTV have been hypothesized on the basis of the increase in prevalence of TTV-DNA viremia by age in the general population. 29,30 The hypothesis of transmission of TTV through personal contact is also supported by the finding of TTV fecal excretion from infected individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…29 Nonparenteral or community-acquired ways of transmission of TTV have been hypothesized on the basis of the increase in prevalence of TTV-DNA viremia by age in the general population. 29,30 The hypothesis of transmission of TTV through personal contact is also supported by the finding of TTV fecal excretion from infected individuals. 8 In conclusion, this study does not support the hypothesis of an association between TTV infection and HCC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case-control study on a novel DNA virus (TT virus) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma

Tagger¹,

Donato²,

Ribero³

et al. 1999

Hepatology

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We performed a case-control study to evaluate the association of a new human DNA virus named TT virus (TTV) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We recruited 174 subjects hospitalized for HCC (84% males; mean age: 64 years) and 118 patients hospitalized for non-liver diseases in Brescia, northern Italy, as controls (94% males; mean age: 66 years). TTV DNA was found in serum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 26 cases (15%) and 11 controls (9.3%) (P G .1). TTV group 2 infection was identified in 16 cases (61.5%) and 4 controls (36.4%) (P G .1) using a type-specific PCR method. Sequence analysis of 222 nt of TTV DNA demonstrated that the remaining 10 cases and 7 controls were all infected by group 1. The odds ratio (

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“…TTV has been suggested as an etiologic agent of non-A to -E hepatitis, but its role in liver disease is still unclear (14,25). TTV is widespread in the general population, with a reported prevalence of 1.9% in Scotland (22), 10% in the United States (2), 12% in Japan (17), 74% in Papua New Guinea, and 83% in Gambia (18).We and others have previously demonstrated a lack of association between parenteral and sexual routes of TTV transmission (8,10,15). Recent detection of TTV DNA in nonblood products, such as saliva, breast milk, and feces, suggests nonparenteral routes of transmission (11,16,19,21).…”

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confidence: 99%

Fecal Excretion of a Novel Human Circovirus, TT Virus, in Healthy Children

Lin

Kyono

Tongson

et al. 2000

Clin Diagn Lab Immunol

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The role of TT virus (TTV) as a human pathogen is unclear, as is the mode of TTV transmission. To determine the prevalence of TTV infection and the possible fecal-oral route of transmission, we analyzed fecal specimens from 67 healthy, nontransfused children for TTV DNA sequences by heminested PCR, using the NG and T primer sets. The overall prevalence of TTV fecal excretion was 22.4% (15 of 67), with the T primer set (19.4%) being more sensitive than the NG primer set (10.4%). TTV prevalence based on gender or ethnicity showed no significant differences. None of seven children in the 0-to 6-month age group had detectable TTV in feces. Of three sets of siblings, two unrelated sets of twins, ages 33 and 37 months, were negative for fecal TTV DNA, while the third set of siblings, ages 99 and 35 months, was positive. The absence of TTV in the feces of children younger than 6 months and the high prevalence (40%) in children 7 to 12 months of age is consistent with age-specific acquisition of TTV infection by the nonparenteral route. TTV genotypes 1, 3, 4, and 5 were represented in our study population. TTV-positive siblings had TTV genotypes 1 and 4, suggesting unrelated environmental sources of TTV infection. This observation suggests a possible time frame for TTV acquisition in children which coincides with increased interaction with their environment and increased susceptibility to infectious agents.Recent molecular studies have demonstrated that TT virus (TTV), the first known human circovirus, is a single-stranded, nonenveloped DNA virus with an approximately 3.8-kb circular viral genome (12, 13). TTV has been suggested as an etiologic agent of non-A to -E hepatitis, but its role in liver disease is still unclear (14,25). TTV is widespread in the general population, with a reported prevalence of 1.9% in Scotland (22), 10% in the United States (2), 12% in Japan (17), 74% in Papua New Guinea, and 83% in Gambia (18).We and others have previously demonstrated a lack of association between parenteral and sexual routes of TTV transmission (8,10,15). Recent detection of TTV DNA in nonblood products, such as saliva, breast milk, and feces, suggests nonparenteral routes of transmission (11,16,19,21). Transmission by close physical contact would support the high prevalence of TTV infection observed in the general population. Moreover, the relatively common occurrence of TTV among children, ranging from 5.1% in Japan (3) to 54% in the Democratic Republic of Congo (1), suggests its early acquisition and endemicity in various geographic areas. To investigate the prevalence and possible fecal-oral route of TTV transmission, we analyzed fecal specimens from 67 healthy, nontransfused children. The high prevalence of TTV in the feces of such children suggests a fecal-oral route of TTV transmission. MATERIALS AND METHODSIn this study approved by the committees on human subjects of the Kapiolani Medical Center and the University of Hawaii at Manoa, 67 children (33 males and 34 females; age range, 1 to 133 months; median age, 21 m...

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Infrequent Detection of TT Virus Infection in Intravenous Drug Users, Prostitutes, and Homosexual Men

Cited by 44 publications

References 15 publications

Molecular characterization of Torque teno virus and SEN virus co-infection with HIV in patients from Southern Iran

Molecular characterization of Torque teno virus and SEN virus co-infection with HIV in patients from Southern Iran

A case-control study on a novel DNA virus (TT virus) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma

Fecal Excretion of a Novel Human Circovirus, TT Virus, in Healthy Children

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