Ingestion of Lead and Nontoxic Shotgun Pellets by Ducks in the Mississippi Flyway

Anderson, William L.; Havera, Stephen P.; Zercher, Bradley W.

doi:10.2307/3802755

Cited by 81 publications

(68 citation statements)

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“…2), after ban reinforcement. Similar reductions in Pb shot ingestion in waterbirds after a Pb shot ban have also been observed in the Mississippi flyway (USA), where rates of Pb shot ingestion declined from 7.8-8.4% for the pre-ban period to 2.8% (1996-97) after the 1991 nationwide ban (Anderson et al, 2000). Samuel and Bowers (2000) also found a reduction in the prevalence in waterfowl with elevated blood Pb levels (N20 μg/dL) from 11.7% before the ban to 6.5% six years after the ban in Tennessee (USA).…”

Section: Risk For Waterbirdssupporting

confidence: 62%

“…In Canada, where ban compliance based on anonymous hunter surveys was N80%, bone Pb levels in hunted waterfowl declined significantly from 1989-90 to 2000 (Stevenson et al, 2005). In the USA and Canada, legislative compliance appears to be high, which has been attributed to the general support of waterfowl hunters for the non-toxic shot program and to active enforcement led by conservation police officers (Anderson et al, 2000;Stevenson et al, 2005). Compliance values from North America contrast quite starkly against the low level of compliance recently documented in England, where 68% (in 2001England, where 68% (in -2002 and 70% (in 2008-2010) of mallards had been shot with Pb despite the fact that this ammunition was banned for hunting over wetlands in 1999 .…”

Section: Pb Shot Ban Compliancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Reducing Pb poisoning in birds and Pb exposure in game meat consumers: The dual benefit of effective Pb shot regulation

Mateo

Vallverdú-Coll

López-Antia

et al. 2014

Environment International

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The use of lead (Pb) ammunition in the form of shot pellets has been identified as a Pb exposure risk in wildlife and their human consumers. We explore the hypothesis that Pb shot ban enforcement reduces the risk of avian Pb poisoning as well as Pb exposure in game meat consumers. We assessed compliance with a partial ban on Pb shot commencing in 2003 by examination of 937 waterbirds harvested by hunters between 2007 and 2012 in the Ebro delta (Spain). Prevalence of Pb shot ingestion was determined, as were Pb concentrations in liver and muscle tissue to evaluate the potential for Pb exposure in game meat consumers. Hunted birds with only embedded Pb shot (no steel) declined from 26.9% in 2007-08 to b2% over the following three hunting seasons after ban reinforcement. Pb shot ingestion in mallards decreased from a pre-ban value of 30.2% to 15.5% in the post-ban period. Liver Pb levels were predominantly defined by the presence of ingested shot, whereas muscle levels were defined by the presence of both ingested and embedded shot. Only 2.5% of mallard muscle tissue had Pb levels above European Union regulations for meat (0.1 μg/g wet weight) in the 2008-09 season, when Pb shot ingestion prevalence was also at a minimum (5.1%). Effective restrictions in Pb ammunition use have a dual benefit since this reduces Pb exposure for game meat consumers due to embedded ammunition as well as reducing Pb poisoning in waterbirds.

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Section: Risk For Waterbirdssupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Pb Shot Ban Compliancementioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing Pb poisoning in birds and Pb exposure in game meat consumers: The dual benefit of effective Pb shot regulation

Mateo

Vallverdú-Coll

López-Antia

et al. 2014

Environment International

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“…Pb shot pellets spent in hunting activities have been accumulated in wetlands worldwide, with densities in the upper 20 cm of wetland sediments 4 100 shot/m 2 at many locations (Pain, 1992;Mateo, 2009). Pb shot ingestion by waterbirds and subsequent Pb poisoning has caused mortality rates in wintering waterfowl populations of 1.5% in North America and 9% in Europe (before regulations were implemented to reduce Pb shot use; Anderson et al, 2000;Mateo, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of lead exposure on oxidative stress biomarkers and plasma biochemistry in waterbirds in the field

Martínez-Haro

Green

Mateo

2011

Environmental Research

114

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and in all common pochards (Aythya ferina) (n ¼ 4), but common coots (Fulica atra) (n ¼ 37) and moorhens (Gallinula chloropus) (n ¼ 12) were all o 20 mg/dl. ALAD ratio in mallards and coots decreased with PbB levels 4 6 mg/dl. In mallards, an inhibition of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and an increased level of oxidized glutathione (oxGSH) in red blood cells (RBC) were associated with PbB levels 4 20 mg/ dl. In coots, PbB levels were negatively related to vitamin A and carotenoid levels in plasma, and total glutathione in RBCs; and positively related with higher superoxide dismutase and GPx activities and % oxGSH in RBCs. Overall, the results indicate that previously assumed background levels of PbB for birds need to be revised.

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“…Consequently, numerous studies measuring the presence of lead shot in waterfowl gizzards were completed prior to the lead shot ban and were summarized by Sanderson and Bellrose (1986). Studies following the lead shot ban have documented declines in exposure of waterfowl to lead (Anderson et al 2000;Samuel and Bowers 2000); however, lead may persist in the environment for decades (Webb 2009;Flint and Schamber 2010). These studies have indicated the need for continued monitoring of lead shot availability to waterfowl and other wildlife (Webb 2009;Flint and Schamber 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Shot Ingestion by Wintering Female Northern Pintails (Anas acuta) in the Texas Coastal Plain, 2012–14

Huck

Ballard

Fedynich

et al. 2016

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Historically, lead poisoning through lead shot ingestion was one of the largest health issues affecting waterfowl in North America. Lead shot was banned for use in waterfowl hunting in the US in 1991 and was banned in Canada in 1997. However, biologists need to understand how, and if, lead shot remaining in the environment will continue to impact waterfowl. Our goal was to estimate lead and nontoxic shot consumption by female Northern Pintails (Anas acuta) wintering along the Texas coast. We found shot or metal fragments (or both) in the gizzards of 39 (17%) of 227 female Northern Pintails collected along the Texas coast. Of these, lead shot was found in seven gizzards, steel shot was found in 24 gizzards, and other metal and fragments were found in 20 gizzards. Some females consumed multiple shot types. Overall, shot (lead and nontoxic combined) ingestion rates were similar to those found prior to the lead shot ban in Texas (14%) and Louisiana (17%); however, lead shot ingestion rates were considerably lower, suggesting that it is becoming less available over time. All Northern Pintails that had lead shot in their gizzards were collected from coastal habitats. While it seems that lead shot ingestion by Northern Pintails has decreased since the ban was put in place, monitoring lead shot ingestion rates from different regions will provide insight into its availability in different habitats and under various environmental conditions.

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Ingestion of Lead and Nontoxic Shotgun Pellets by Ducks in the Mississippi Flyway

Cited by 81 publications

References 0 publications

Reducing Pb poisoning in birds and Pb exposure in game meat consumers: The dual benefit of effective Pb shot regulation

Reducing Pb poisoning in birds and Pb exposure in game meat consumers: The dual benefit of effective Pb shot regulation

Effects of lead exposure on oxidative stress biomarkers and plasma biochemistry in waterbirds in the field

Shot Ingestion by Wintering Female Northern Pintails (Anas acuta) in the Texas Coastal Plain, 2012–14

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