Inhibition and generation of saccades: Rapid event-related fMRI of prosaccades, antisaccades, and nogo trials

Brown, Matthew; Goltz, Herbert C.; Vilis, Tutis; Ford, Kristen A.; Everling, Stefan

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.002

Cited by 130 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…In contrast to saccade-related neurons in the FEF, which show reduced preparatory discharge for antisaccade versus prosaccade commands that is associated with fewer errors (Everling and Munoz, 2000), those in the SEF show increased activity that predicts accurate performance (Schlag-Rey et al, 1997;Amador et al, 2004). The SEF also shows increased fMRI activity for antisaccade versus prosaccade trials in this and other studies (Brown et al, 2006). If, as has been theorized, the SEF contributes to generating internally versus visually guided eye movements (Everling and Munoz, 2000;Amador et al, 2004), activity reductions in trials after antisaccades could contribute to prolonged saccadic latencies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Neural Activity Is Modulated by Trial History: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Effects of a Previous Antisaccade

Manoach¹,

Thakkar

Cain

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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Saccadic latencies are influenced by what occurred during the previous trial. When the previous trial is an antisaccade, the latencies of both prosaccades and antisaccades are prolonged. The aim of this study was to identify neural correlates of this intertrial effect of antisaccades. Specifically, based on both monkey electrophysiology and human neuroimaging findings, we expected trials preceded by antisaccades to be associated with reduced frontal eye field (FEF) activity relative to those preceded by prosaccades. Twenty-one healthy participants performed pseudorandom sequences of prosaccade and antisaccade trials during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with concurrent monitoring of eye position. We compared activity in trials preceded by an antisaccade with activity in trials preceded by a prosaccade. The primary result was that a previous antisaccade prolonged saccadic latency and reduced fMRI activity in the FEF and other regions. No regions showed increased activity. We interpret the reduced FEF activity and slower saccadic responses to reflect inhibitory influences on the response system as a consequence of performing an antisaccade in the previous trial. This demonstrates that neural activity is modulated by trial history, consistent with a rapid, dynamic form of learning. More generally, these results highlight the importance of trial history as a source of variability in both behavioral and neuroimaging studies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Neural Activity Is Modulated by Trial History: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Effects of a Previous Antisaccade

Manoach¹,

Thakkar

Cain

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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“…Activation of the posterior parietal lobule (left side, in particular) has been associated with motor attention (see Rushworth et al, 2003 for a review). For instance, both anti-saccade and 'no-go' activated these brain regions to a greater extent then pro-saccade in an oculomotor countermanding task (Brown et al, 2006). Furthermore, we have argued in our previous work that greater visual cortical activation during SS compared to SE trials may reflect greater foveal attention during the stop signal task (Li et al, 2006a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Neural Correlates of Impulse Control During Stop Signal Inhibition in Cocaine-Dependent Men

Huang

Yan

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

164

126

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Altered impulse control is associated with substance use disorders, including cocaine dependence. We sought to identify the neural correlates of impulse control in abstinent male patients with cocaine dependence (PCD). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was conducted during a stop signal task that allowed trial-by-trial evaluation of response inhibition. Fifteen male PCD and 15 healthy control (HC) subjects, matched in age and years of education, were compared. Stop signal reaction time (SSRT) was derived on the basis of a horse race model. By comparing PCD and HC co-varied for stop success rate, task-related frustration rating, and post-error slowing, we isolated the neural substrates of response inhibition, independent of attentional monitoring (of the stop signal) and post-response processes including affective responses and error monitoring. Using region of interest analysis, we found no differences between HC and PCD who were matched in stop signal performance in the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) previously shown to be associated with SSRT. However, compared with HC, PCD demonstrated less activation of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), an area thought to be involved in the control of stop signal inhibition. The magnitude of rACC activation also correlated negatively with the total score and the impulse control subscore of the Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale in PCD. The current study thus identified the neural correlates of altered impulse control in PCD independent of other cognitive processes that may influence stop signal performance. Relative hypoactivation of the rACC during response inhibition may represent a useful neural marker of difficulties in impulse control in abstinent cocaine-dependent men who are at risk of relapse.

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“…Together, the 31 impulse regressors for a given condition modeled the activation time course for trials in this condition with two points/s over 15 s. Thus each group of trials yielded 31 columns to a subject's GLM design matrix, with ones at the appropriate locations, to model the 31 impulse functions for that trial group (Brown et al 2006;Dale 1999;Serences 2004). Fitting this design matrix to the resampled data automatically deconvolves the time series of each RS condition (Brown et al 2006), without making any assumption about the shape of the activation profile, other than its length (15 s in this case). Because of the random ordering of the four trial types, effects of previous trials are balanced out in this analysis (it is assumed that the hemodynamic response is linear), as is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Linear Deconvolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repetition Suppression Dissociates Spatial Frames of Reference in Human Saccade Generation

Pelt

Toni

Diedrichsen

et al. 2010

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Van Pelt S, Toni I, Diedrichsen J, Medendorp WP. Repetition suppression dissociates spatial frames of reference in human saccade generation. J Neurophysiol 104: 1239 -1248. First published June 30, 2010 doi:10.1152/jn.00393.2010. The path from perception to action involves the transfer of information across various reference frames. Here we applied a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) repetition suppression paradigm to determine the reference frame(s) in which the cortical activity is coded at several phases of the sensorimotor transformation for a saccade, including sensory processing, saccade planning, and saccade execution. We distinguished between retinal (eye-centered) and nonretinal (e.g., head-centered) coding frames in three key regions: the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), frontal eye field (FEF), and supplementary eye field (SEF). Subjects (n ϭ 18) made delayed saccades to one of five possible peripheral targets, separated at intervals of 9°visual angle. Target locations were chosen pseudorandomly, based on a 2 ϫ 2 factorial design, with factors retinal and nonretinal coordinates and levels novel and repeated. In all three regions, analysis of the blood oxygenation level dependent dynamics revealed an attenuation of the fMRI signal in trials repeating the location of the target in retinal coordinates. The amount of retinal suppression varied across the three phases of the trial, with the strongest suppression during saccade planning. The paradigm revealed only weak traces of nonretinal coding in these regions. Further analyses showed an orderly representation of the retinal target location, as expressed by a contralateral bias of activation, in the IPS and FEF, but not in the SEF. These results provide evidence that the sensorimotor processing in these centers reflects saccade generation in eye-centered coordinates, irrespective of their topographic organization.

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Inhibition and generation of saccades: Rapid event-related fMRI of prosaccades, antisaccades, and nogo trials

Cited by 130 publications

References 68 publications

Neural Activity Is Modulated by Trial History: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Effects of a Previous Antisaccade

Neural Activity Is Modulated by Trial History: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Effects of a Previous Antisaccade

Neural Correlates of Impulse Control During Stop Signal Inhibition in Cocaine-Dependent Men

Repetition Suppression Dissociates Spatial Frames of Reference in Human Saccade Generation

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