Inhibition of calcium-calmodulin complex formation by vasorelaxant basic dipeptides demonstrated by in vitro and in silico analyses

The Anti-atherosclerotic Dipeptide, Trp-His, Reduces Intestinal Inflammation through the Blockade of L-Type Ca2+ Channels

“…Trp-His would attenuate the phosphorylation of L-type Ca 2+ channels via the inhibition of CaMK II 19 and inhibit the formation of Ca 2+ −CaM complex that is required for CaMK II activation. 44 Considering that the activated CaMK II is involved in the regulation of the subsequent TNF-α-mediated inflammatory signaling pathways, these data suggest that Trp-His may play a potential role in the inhibition of Ca 2+ −CaM/ CaMK II pathways.…”

Visualized absorption of anti‐atherosclerotic dipeptide, Trp‐His, in Sprague–Dawley rats by LC‐MS and MALDI‐MS imaging analyses

“…Some of these are: (1) anti‐atherosclerotic effects in a 3‐month administration experiment in apo E‐deficient mice , (2) anti‐diabetic effects or promotion of glucose uptake in L6 cells , and (3) vasorelaxant effects in contracted aorta . The vasorelaxant effects occur via suppression of intracellular Ca 2+ ‐contraction cascades in vascular smooth muscle cells . In particular, no anti‐atherosclerotic effects of amino acids (Trp and His) in experiments conducted in apo E‐deficient mice in vivo were observed .…”

Elution Profile of Di-peptides on a Sulfonated Ethylstyrene-Divinylbenzene Copolymer Resin Column by High-performance Liquid Chromatography

“…1); in turn, the sulfonated or cation-exchange/reversed phase column must be of benefit for the retention of basic peptides that often show some preventive physiological effects against lifesyle-related diseases. [1][2][3][4][5][6]16 The use of a cation-exchange/reversed phase column was attempted in the separation of acetylated oligo-(>10 mer) peptides, and a sufficient separation was achieved by hydrophilic interaction (HILIC) chromatography with increased hydrophilicity and salt (NaClO4) concentrations. 20 However, these reports were limited to the separation of terminal-protected or hydrophobic oligo-peptides, and did not include the separation of non-protected small (di-/tri-) peptides with varying pI profiles.…”

“…3 Our studies regarding peptide-induced physiological functions also revealed that basic and/or hydrophobic small peptides, such as Trp-His, exerted vasorelaxation effects in the aorta through the retardation of intracellular Ca 2+ -signaling pathways, [4][5][6] and could be absorbed intact into the blood system via intestinal peptide transporter 1. [7][8][9] Peptides, which are condensed amino acids, have many members in their polymeric series, e.g., >400 di-peptides and >8000 tri-peptides, and simple and convenient assays for bioactive small peptides in food hydrolysates or natural materials are required in the food industry.…”