Inhibition of HSP90 by AT13387 Delays the Emergence of Resistance to BRAF Inhibitors and Overcomes Resistance to Dual BRAF and MEK Inhibition in Melanoma Models

Smyth, Tomoko; Paraiso, Kim H.T.; Hearn, Keisha; Rodrı́guez-López, Ana M.; Munck, Joanne M.; Haarberg, H. Eirik; Sondak, Vernon K.; Thompson, Neil T.; Azab, Mohammad; Lyons, John F.; Smalley, Keiran S.M.; Wallis, Nicola G.

doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0452

Cited by 81 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In agreement with these results, some preclinical and clinical studies have shown that combination therapy is able to delay the onset of resistance to BRAF inhibitors in the treatment of metastatic melanoma (42)(43). In particular, it has been shown that the As control, we used 1 mouse that has not undergone to any type of treatment from the first in vivo experiment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Maintenance Treatment with Cetuximab and BAY86-9766 Increases Antitumor Efficacy of Irinotecan plus Cetuximab in Human Colorectal Cancer Xenograft Models

Troiani

Napolitano

Martini

et al. 2015

Clinical Cancer Research

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Purpose: The use of cetuximab in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer is limited by development of resistance.Experimental Design: We have investigated in three models of highly epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-dependent colorectal cancer xenografts, the effect of maintenance therapy with different kinase inhibitors alone or in combination with cetuximab, after cytotoxic treatment induction with irinotecan plus cetuximab.Results: SW48, LIM 1215, and GEO colorectal cancer cell lines were engrafted into nude mice and treated for 3 weeks with irinotecan and/or cetuximab. The combined treatment induced a significant reduction of tumor size. A subsequent experiment was performed in all three xenograft models in which after an induction treatment with irinotecan plus cetuximab, mice were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: control, cetuximab, regorafenib, a selective PIK3CA inhibitor (PIK3CAi), a selective MEK inhibitor (MEKi), and /or the combination of each inhibitor with cetuximab. The cetuximab plus MEKi treatment determined the best antitumor activity with suppression of tumor growth. This effect was prolonged for 13 to 15 weeks after cessation of therapy and was accompanied by prolonged survival. Antitumor activity was accompanied by inhibition of the MAPK and MEK pathways. Moreover, in the cetuximab plus MEKi-treated SW48 xenograft group, KRAS mutations as a mechanism of acquired resistance were detected in 25% of cases compared with 75% KRAS mutations in the MEKi-treated group.Conclusions: A possible strategy to prevent and/or overcome resistance to anti-EGFR inhibitors in metastatic colorectal cancer is a maintenance therapy with cetuximab plus MEKi after an initial treatment with irinotecan plus cetuximab.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Maintenance Treatment with Cetuximab and BAY86-9766 Increases Antitumor Efficacy of Irinotecan plus Cetuximab in Human Colorectal Cancer Xenograft Models

Troiani

Napolitano

Martini

et al. 2015

Clinical Cancer Research

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“…34,35), and mutant BRAF in melanoma (36). In particular, inhibition of HSP90 has been shown to have potent antitumor activity in mutant KRAS NSCLC models in vivo (37,38).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of HSP90 by AUY922 Preferentially Kills Mutant KRAS Colon Cancer Cells by Activating Bim through ER Stress

Wang

Guo

Wang

et al. 2016

Molecular Cancer Therapeutics

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Oncogenic mutations of KRAS pose a great challenge in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Here we report that mutant KRAS colon cancer cells are nevertheless more susceptible to apoptosis induced by the HSP90 inhibitor AUY922 than those carrying wild-type KRAS. Although AUY922 inhibited HSP90 activity with comparable potency in colon cancer cells irrespective of their KRAS mutational statuses, those with mutant KRAS were markedly more sensitive to AUY922-induced apoptosis. This was associated with upregulation of the BH3-only proteins Bim, Bik, and PUMA. However, only Bim appeared essential, in that knockdown of Bim abolished, whereas knockdown of Bik or PUMA only moderately attenuated apoptosis induced by AUY922. Mechanistic investigations revealed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was responsible for AUY922-induced upregulation of Bim, which was inhibited by a chemical chaperone or overexpression of GRP78. Conversely, siRNA knockdown of GRP78 or XBP-1 enhanced AUY922-induced apoptosis. Remarkably, AUY922 inhibited the growth of mutant KRAS colon cancer xenografts through activation of Bim that was similarly associated with ER stress. Taken together, these results suggest that AUY922 is a promising drug in the treatment of mutant KRAS colon cancers, and the agents that enhance the apoptosis-inducing potential of Bim may be useful to improve the therapeutic efficacy.

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“…As the vast majority of therapeutic escape mechanisms involve reactivation of MAPK signaling, the direct suppression of MEK expression appears to be an excellent strategy to delay and abrogate the onset of resistance. Our group and others have already provided evidence that the combined decreased of CRAF and Mcl-1 expression and the inhibition of MAPK signaling through the use of HSP90 inhibitors may be a viable strategy to overcome and prevent acquired BRAF inhibitor resistance (21, 43, 44). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Novel ATP-Competitive MEK/Aurora Kinase Inhibitor BI-847325 Overcomes Acquired BRAF Inhibitor Resistance through Suppression of Mcl-1 and MEK Expression

Phadke

Sini

Smalley

2015

Molecular Cancer Therapeutics

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Resistance to BRAF inhibitors is a major clinical problem. Here we evaluate BI-847325, an ATP-competitive inhibitor of MEK and Aurora kinases, in treatment-naïve and drug-resistant BRAF-mutant melanoma models. BI-847325 potently inhibited growth and survival of melanoma cell lines that were both BRAF inhibitor naïve and resistant in 2D culture, 3D cell culture conditions and in colony formation assays. Western blot studies showed BI-847325 to reduce expression of phospho-ERK and phospho-histone 3 in multiple models of vemurafenib resistance. Mechanistically, BI-847325 decreased the expression of MEK and Mcl-1 while increasing the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein BIM. Strong suppression of MEK expression was observed after 48 h of treatment, with no recovery following >72 h of washout. siRNA mediated knockdown of Mcl-1 enhanced the effects of BI-847325, whereas Mcl-1 overexpression reversed this in both 2D cell culture and 3D spheroid melanoma models. In vivo, once weekly BI-847325 (70 mg/kg) led to durable regression of BRAF-inhibitor naive xenografts with no regrowth seen (>65 days of treatment). In contrast, treatment with the vemurafenib analog PLX4720 was associated with tumor relapse at >30 days. BI-847325 also suppressed the long-term growth of xenografts with acquired PLX4720 resistance. Analysis of tumor samples revealed BI-847325 to induce apoptosis associated with suppression of phospho-ERK, total MEK, phospho-Histone3 and Mcl-1 expression. Our studies indicate that BI-847325 is effective in overcoming BRAF inhibitor resistance and has long-term inhibitory effects upon BRAF-mutant melanoma in vivo, through a mechanism associated with the decreased expression of both MEK and Mcl-1.

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Inhibition of HSP90 by AT13387 Delays the Emergence of Resistance to BRAF Inhibitors and Overcomes Resistance to Dual BRAF and MEK Inhibition in Melanoma Models

Cited by 81 publications

References 47 publications

Maintenance Treatment with Cetuximab and BAY86-9766 Increases Antitumor Efficacy of Irinotecan plus Cetuximab in Human Colorectal Cancer Xenograft Models

Maintenance Treatment with Cetuximab and BAY86-9766 Increases Antitumor Efficacy of Irinotecan plus Cetuximab in Human Colorectal Cancer Xenograft Models

Inhibition of HSP90 by AUY922 Preferentially Kills Mutant KRAS Colon Cancer Cells by Activating Bim through ER Stress

The Novel ATP-Competitive MEK/Aurora Kinase Inhibitor BI-847325 Overcomes Acquired BRAF Inhibitor Resistance through Suppression of Mcl-1 and MEK Expression

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