Inhibition of inflammatory responses elicited by urban fine dust particles in keratinocytes and macrophages by diphlorethohydroxycarmalol isolated from a brown alga Ishige okamurae

Abstract

Fine dust (FD) particles have become a major contributor to air pollution causing detrimental effects on the respiratory system and skin. Although some studies have investigated the effects of FD on the respiratory system, their possible effects on the skin remain under-explored. We investigated the FD mediated inflammatory responses in keratinocytes, present in the outer layers of skin tissues and the transfer of inflammatory potential to macrophages. We further evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of the polyphenolic derivative, diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) isolated from Ishige okamurae against FD-induced inflammation. Size distribution of FD particles was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. FD particles induced the production of cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in HaCaT keratinocytes and the expression of nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS), PGE 2 , tumor necrosis factor-α expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Further, we evaluated the inflammatory potential of the culture medium of inflammation-induced HaCaT cells in RAW 264.7 macrophages and observed a marked increase in the expression of NO, iNOS, PGE 2 , and proinflammatory cytokines. DPHC treatment markedly attenuated the inflammatory responses, indicating its effectiveness in suppressing a broad range of inflammatory responses. It also showed antiinflammatory potential in in-vivo experiments using FD-stimulated zebrafish embryos by decreasing NO and reactive oxygen species production, while eventing cell death caused by inflammation.

Protective effect of gallic acid derivatives from the freshwater green alga Spirogyra sp. against ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis through reactive oxygen species clearance in human keratinocytes and zebrafish

“…Many studies have been conducted to find the bioactive extracts or active ingredients derived from natural sources, particularly having polyphenol structure including hydroxyl groups on aromatic rings, which can modulate the generation of UVB induced-ROS (Samarakoon et al 2013, Farooqi et al 2015, Lee et al 2015b, 2015c, 2015d, Alves et al 2016, Fernando et al 2017a, 2017b.…”

Protective Effect of Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol Isolated from Ishige okamurae Against Particulate Matter-Induced Skin Damage by Regulation of NF-κB, AP-1, and MAPKs Signaling Pathways In Vitro in Human Dermal Fibroblasts

“…Exposure to PM causes epithelium damage, and endothelial dysfunction has been reported previously [8,9,38]. PM induce skin damages or diseases mainly through stimulating inflammatory response and oxidative stress [5,39]. Ryu et al investigated that PM induced epidermic inflammatory response in human keratinocytes [39].…”

“…In general, PM were produced by human activity, such as chemical production and fossil fuel combustion [1,2]. PM are related to various diseases, including inflammations such as skin inflammation and lung inflammation, kidney diseases such as chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease, metabolic syndromes such as diabetes and obesity, as well as skin aging such as wrinkle formation [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Skin is the largest organ in humans and the primary organ exposed to PM.…”

Seaweed Secondary Metabolites with Beneficial Health Effects: An Overview of Successes in In Vivo Studies and Clinical Trials

“…Fernando et al [47] reported for the first time the use of a zebrafish embryo model for evaluating the inflammatory effects of fine dust (FD) particles, which are a major aggressive agent in air pollution. The authors determined that a concentration of 48.8 µM of 3 significantly decreased NO and ROS production and prevented fine dust inflammation-induced cell death [47].…”

“…Fernando et al [47] reported for the first time the use of a zebrafish embryo model for evaluating the inflammatory effects of fine dust (FD) particles, which are a major aggressive agent in air pollution. The authors determined that a concentration of 48.8 µM of 3 significantly decreased NO and ROS production and prevented fine dust inflammation-induced cell death [47]. The effect of 3 against high glucose-induced angiogenesis in zebrafish embryos was studied, and it was found that the treatment of embryos with a concentration of 2 µM of 3 suppressed high glucose-induced dilation in the retinal vessel diameter and vessel formation ( Table 1).…”