“…Instead, it is suggested that yeast may produce metabolites toxic to the malolactic bacteria (Dick et al 1992;Capucho & San Ramao, 1994;Osborne & Edwards, 2006) including ethanol (Costello et al, 1983;Davis et al, 1985), medium chain fatty acids (Edwards & Beelman 1987;Versari et al, 1999), antibacterial proteins/peptides (Dick et al, 1992;Osborne & Edwards, 2007;Mendoza et al, 2010;Nehme et al, 2010) and SO 2 (King & Beelman, 1986;HenickKling & Park, 1994;Eglinton & Henschke, 1996;Larsen et al, 2003). Of these compounds, SO 2 is most commonly implicated (Henick-Kling & Park, 1994;Larsen et al, 2003;Osborne & Edwards, 2006) as it is a known antimicrobial against malolactic bacteria .…”