“…Bacterial immobilization technology has been utilized in a wide range of disciplines to enhance bacterial activity in a number of applications, including wastewater treatment (e.g., Hou et al, 2020 , 2021 ), degradation of marine oil pollution (e.g., Li et al, 2021c ), and probiotic delivery (e.g., Dimitrellou et al, 2019 ; reviewed by Mettu et al, 2021 ). Algicidal bacteria have also been immobilized to various matrices for HAB mitigation ( Table 3 ), including immobilization in (polyvinyl alcohol-) sodium alginate (e.g., Su et al, 2017 ; Zhang et al, 2018 ; Wang and Coyne, 2020 ; Ouyang et al, 2021 ), cellulose sponge (e.g., Noh et al, 2017 ; Wang and Coyne, 2020 ), polyester (e.g., Wang and Coyne, 2020 ), polyurethane (e.g., Kang et al, 2007 ), agarose (e.g., Wang and Coyne, 2020 ), agar (e.g., Kang et al, 2007 ), and coconut fibers (e.g., He et al, 2021 ).…”