Abstract-Sprouting and invasive migration of endothelial cells are important steps of the angiogenic cascade. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces angiogenesis by activating intracellular signal transduction cascades, which regulate endothelial cell morphology and function. BTB-kelch proteins are intracellular proteins that control cellular architecture and cellular functions. The BTB-kelch protein KLEIP has been characterized as an actin-binding protein that interacts with the nucleotide exchange factor ECT2. We report that KLEIP is preferentially expressed in endothelial cells, suggesting that it may play a critical role in controlling the functions of migrating, proliferating, and invading endothelial cells during angiogenesis. KLEIP mRNA level in endothelial cells is strongly regulated by hypoxia which is controlled by hypoxia-inducible factor-1␣. Functional analysis of KLEIP in endothelial cells revealed that it acts as an essential downstream regulator of VEGF-and basic fibroblast growth factor-induced migration and in-gel sprouting angiogenesis. Yet, it is not involved in controlling VEGF-or basic fibroblast growth factor-mediated proliferative responses. The depletion of KLEIP in endothelial cells blunted the VEGF-induced activation of the monomeric GTPase RhoA but did not alter the VEGF-stimulated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Moreover, VEGF induced a physical association of KLEIP with the guanine nucleotide-exchange factor ECT2, the depletion of which also blunted VEGF-induced sprouting. We conclude that the BTB-kelch protein KLEIP is a novel regulator of endothelial function during angiogenesis that controls the VEGF-induced activation of Rho GTPases. (Circ Res.
2007;100:1155-1163.)Key Words: BTB-kelch protein KLEIP Ⅲ angiogenesis Ⅲ migration Ⅲ hypoxia Ⅲ G proteins A ngiogenesis, the formation of blood vessels from preexisting ones, is a crucial process during embryonic development and in several pathological conditions. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors are major regulators of endothelial cell (EC) function and angiogenesis. 1 VEGF is upregulated under hypoxic conditions and induces several angiogenesis-related functions in ECs, such as proliferation, migration, and NO release, which are mediated by cascades of intracellular signaling pathways. [2][3][4] Genetic experiments suggest that VEGF receptor Flk-1/KDR signaling is required for proper positioning of hemangioblastic cells from the posterior primitive streak in the yolk sac. 5 Furthermore, cells lacking Flk1/KDR are unable to coalesce to form blood islands, suggesting that Flk1/KDR signaling controls the migration of ECs. 5 The signaling pathways regulating EC migration involve the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and focal adhesion kinase, 6 activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, 7 as well as the phosphorylation of protein kinase Akt/protein kinase B, 8,9 with subsequent formation of NO by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). 10 Yet, mechanistically, V...