Inhibitory Effects of Ginsenoside Rb₁,Rg₃, and Panax ginseng Head Butanol Fraction on Inflammatory Mediators from LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells

Abstract

− Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer (Araliaceae, P. ginseng) has been used for the enhancement of vascular and immune functions in Korea and Japan for a long time. Ginsenoside Rb 1 and Rg 3 isolated from P. ginseng head-part butanolic extract (PGHB) were investigated for anti-inflammatory activity. Ginsenosides and PGHB did not affect the cell viability within 0 -100 µg/ml concentration to RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Ginsenosides and PGHB inhibited partly lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitrite production in a dosedependent manner. The ginsenosides and PGHB showed partially chemical nitric oxide (NO) quenching (maximum 40%) in the cell-free system. Also, ginsenoside Rb 1 and Rg 3 inhibited markedly approximately 74 and 54% of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA transcription from LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, the inhibitory effect of ginsenosides and PGHB on NO production did not occur as a result of cell viability, but was caused by both the chemical NO quenching and the regulation of iNOS. Additionally, the ginsenoside Rb 1 and PGHB inhibited prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner, showed approximately 70-98% inhibition at 100 µg/ml concentration. And the treatment with ginsenosides and PGHB attenuated partially LPS-upregulated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene transcription. Ginsenoside Rg 3 suppressed LPS-stimulated interleukin-6 (IL-6) level to the basal in RAW 264.7 cells. From these results, ginsenoside Rb 1 , Rg 3 , and PGHB may be useful for the relief and retardation of immunological inflammatory responses and its action may occur through the reduction of inflammatory mediators, including NO, PGE 2 , and IL-6 production.

Ginsenoside Rg3 reduces the adhesion, invasion, and intracellular survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium

“…Typhimurium up to 500 μM concentrations. In addition, Lee and Jeong [ 35 ] and Yang et al [ 36 ] reported that Rg3 did not affect the viability of RAW 264.7 cells at a maximum tested concentration of 100 μg/mL. In the present study; however, 100 μM of Rg3 reduced the viability of Caco-2 and RAW 264.7 cells.…”

The effect of ultrasonication on the immunomodulatory activity of low‐quality ginseng

“…8 In addition, Rd was found to exert radioprotective effects on rat intestinal epithelial cells following high‐dose irradiation 9. Rg 1 and Rb are also known to possess strong immune system‐stimulating properties 10, 11. Therefore, it would be valuable to develop a method to efficiently extract these ginsenosides from low‐quality ginseng.…”

Alterations of Spontaneous Sleep Architecture and Cortical Electroencephalogram Power Spectra by Red Ginseng Extract via GABAAergic Systems

“…Animal studies have shown that ginseng and its constituent ginsenosides can modulate indices of stress, fatigue, and learning [7][8][9]. In humans, ginseng improves performance on a memory task [10], suppresses granulocytopoiesis [11], and regulates the erythropoiesis after paradoxical sleep deprivation [12].…”