Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition of Graded Polymer Coatings Enabling Antibacterial, Antifouling, and Biocompatible Surfaces

Abstract

We report initiated chemical vapor deposition of model-graded polymer coatings enabling antibacterial, antifouling, and biocompatible surfaces. The graded coating was constructed by a bottom layer consisting of bactericidal poly­(dimethyl amino methyl styrene) and a surface layer consisting of both dimethyl amino methyl styrene (DMAMS) and hydrophilic vinyl pyrrolidone (VP) moieties. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed existence of both DMAMS and VP in the coating with DMAMS as the major component, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and water contact angle measurement revealed a VP-enriched coating surface. The resultant coating exhibited more than 99.9% killing rate against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis despite the incorporation of VP on the surface. We believe that such bactericidal capability resulted because of its high surface zeta potential, which could be originated from the DMAMS units distributed both on the top surface and underneath. The graded coating achieved more than 85% bacterial fouling resistance than the pristine substrate, as well as improved biocompatibility, owing to the abundant surface lactam groups from the VP moiety. Furthermore, the graded coating maintained good bactericidal capability after multicycle challenges of bacterial solutions and was durable against continuous rigorous washing, suggesting potential applications in biomedical devices.

Advanced Surface Modification for 3D-Printed Titanium Alloy Implant Interface Functionalization

“…Moreover, iCVD is a new type of green polymer film preparation method. Its principle is to utilize an initiator to crack at a lower heating temperature to polymerize the monomer into a polymer film and deposit on the surface of the substrate ( Su et al, 2020 ). The reaction conditions of iCVD are milder and more controllable than PCVD, and it is able to perfectly retain the required functional groups.…”

“…Therefore, it has become important to increase the biological activity of titanium alloy implants, which is the focus of several ongoing research studies. Changing the surface morphology of implants (such as the surface of micro-nano structures produced by MAO) or preparing implant coatings (such as HA coatings) are two effective methods to solve this problem ( Su et al, 2020 ; Myakinin et al, 2021 ). In the process of implant surface modification, these methods enhance the biological activity of the implant and promote osseointegration.…”

Surface Engineering Strategies to Enhance the In Situ Performance of Medical Devices Including Atomic Scale Engineering

“…Temperatures for substrate and filament array were maintained at 40 • C and 240 • C. The experiment was performed in three groups: P(DMAMS-co-EGDA), P(VP-co-EGDA), and P(DE-g-VE) considered as graded coating. The results showed 99.9% inhibition of E. coli and Bacillus subtilis for the P(DMAMS-co-EGDA) and P(DE-g-VE) functionalized substrates, whereas no inhibition was observed for P(VP-co-EGDA) [201]. Atomic layer etching is a surface modification method that involves the removal of a thin layer from the surface via sequential self-limiting reactions.…”

Functionally graded materials (FGMs): A review of classifications, fabrication methods and their applications

“…7. Because of many diverse advantages of chemical vapour deposition method [86.87] in order to fabricate FGMs, researchers and industries focused on this method and different articles on this subject were published [88,89]. In general, thin FGMs can be produced by other methods such as physical vapour deposition (PVD), thermal spray deposition and self-propagating hightemperature synthesis (SHS) techniques like laser cladding [90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97].…”