Injectable Oxygen: Interfacing Materials Chemistry with Resuscitative Science

Abstract

Intravascular oxygen delivery holds great potential to treat numerous hypoxic conditions and emergencies, including pulmonary disorders, hypoxic tumors, hemorrhagic shock, stroke, cardiac arrest and so on. Tremendous effort has been made in the past to find material solutions for the development of intravenous oxygen carriers and have ranged from blood substitutes to microbubbles with limited success. This paper highlights previous and recent progress in perfluorocarbon-emulsions and microbubbles as intravenous gas carriers, including concerns over their long-term stability, in vivo safety profiles, and oxygen transport efficacy. Their use as potential resuscitative therapeutics for treating various types of cardiac arrest is also discussed.

A microfluidic device for real-time on-demand intravenous oxygen delivery

“…We systematically varied the number, placement, and dimensions of both the step changes and the nozzles ( SI Appendix , Figs. S1–S4 ) and evaluated their ability to stably spray oxygen nano/microbubbles at the required volumetric flow rates [e.g., 0.05 to 0.5 mL O 2 /min or ∼1 to 10% of the baseline oxygen consumption of Sprague-Dawley rats; we have previously demonstrated that delivering ∼0.5 mL O 2 /min or 10% VO 2 was sufficient to resuscitate rats from 10 min of asphyxia leading to cardiac arrest ( 21 )]. We found that the optimal device geometry had an oversized nozzle at the two-phase junction (120 μm) followed by an immediate step change in channel depth from 30 μm to 55 μm ( Fig.…”

Oxygen-Releasing Biomaterials: Current Challenges and Future Applications

“…LOMs have also been devised to release oxygen within the bloodstream. Yet, a key limitation of using LOMs within the circulatory system is their associated risk of causing acute pulmonary vascular obstruction due to lipid shedding, resulting in the subsequent formation of large lipid aggregates [100]. Recently, dextran-acetyl-succinate LOMs were adopted to address this challenge.…”

Continuous-Flow Production of Perfluorocarbon-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles: From the Bench to Clinic

“…Owing to the ability to carry oxygen, PFC-loaded NPs find application in photodynamic 1 − 4 and other hypoxia-affected treatments of cancer 5 , 6 and treatment of stroke. 7 , 8 Additionally, they act as multimodal imaging agents for 19 F magnetic resonance imaging ( 19 F MRI) and ultrasound. 9 − 12 PFCs, however, have already seen a long and much more varied history of clinical use.…”

“…Perfluorocarbon (PFC)-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) emerged recently as powerful theranostic agents that could lead to the treatment of major public health problems. Owing to the ability to carry oxygen, PFC-loaded NPs find application in photodynamic − and other hypoxia-affected treatments of cancer , and treatment of stroke. , Additionally, they act as multimodal imaging agents for 19 F magnetic resonance imaging ( 19 F MRI) and ultrasound. − PFCs, however, have already seen a long and much more varied history of clinical use. They were first used in the 1980s as blood substitutes because of their ability to dissolve oxygen.…”

“…They were first used in the 1980s as blood substitutes because of their ability to dissolve oxygen. However, most of them did not succeed in clinic because of issues with stability and handling or were even retracted by the FDA. , Development of stable NPs and scaling up their production are essential requirements for the new generation of PFC-based nanotheranostic agents to succeed in clinic. , However, challenges in both arise from the poor solubility of PFCs that are simultaneously hydrophobic and lipophobic …”