Injury and illness in short-course triathletes: A systematic review

Guevara, Sara A; Crunkhorn, M.; Drew, Michael; Waddington, Gordon; Périard, Julien D.; Etxebarria, Naroa; Toohey, L.; Charlton, Paula C.

doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2023.03.002

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(480 reference statements)

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“…There is very limited published evidence that reports the injury profile of short-course triathletes outside major competitions,13 which substantially underestimates injury rates over an entire season. With the inclusion of a robust longitudinal injury surveillance strategy capturing injuries continuously throughout the entire training period, 70.7% of reported injuries across the last four seasons occurred in the training environment, highlighting the importance of capturing injuries that occur over entire seasons of training.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Knee, lower limb and ankle injuries are the most frequently reported injuries,4–12 with the majority of injuries reported to occur during running (45%–92%), followed by cycling (8%–34%) and swimming (3%–15%) 4 5 8 9 11 12. The prevalence of reported injury in short-course triathletes ranges between 2% and 15%,13 however, these figures predominately represent only competition-related injuries 4 14–16. Competition time occupies a very small percentage of the overall time triathletes engage in the sport, which would suggest that competition-related injury data solely would substantially underestimate injury rates in this population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Competition time occupies a very small percentage of the overall time triathletes engage in the sport, which would suggest that competition-related injury data solely would substantially underestimate injury rates in this population. The ability to identify the incidence and prevalence of injuries sustained across the entire season of training and competition provides a foundation for the development of targeted prevention strategies 13…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prospective studies investigating the injury profile of short-course triathletes are scarce, with existing literature predominately limited to retrospective study designs, short recall periods, inconsistent injury and exposure definitions and/or a lack of exposure data 13 17. In addition, few studies report injuries beyond short periods of major competition, which excludes the training environment (where the vast majority of the exercise undertaken occurs), introducing the potential for survival bias where only healthy athletes progress to competition 18.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Injury incidence and prevalence in elite short-course triathletes: a 4-year prospective study

Crunkhorn,

Toohey,

Charlton

et al. 2024

Br J Sports Med

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ObjectiveTo characterise the prevalence, incidence rate (IR) and burden of injuries in elite short-course triathletes over a 4-year training and competition period.MethodsFifty elite Australian triathletes were prospectively monitored for injury during four consecutive seasons (2018–2021). Injuries requiring medical attention were prospectively recorded and further subcategorised according to time loss. The IR and burden (injury IR×mean injury severity) were calculated per 365 athlete days, with sex differences in IR compared using IR ratios (IRR) from negative binomial regression models.ResultsTwo hundred and sixty-six injuries were reported in 46 (92.0%) athletes, of which 67.3% resulted in time loss. The injury IR was 1.87 injuries per 365 athlete days (95% CI 1.70 to 2.80), and comparable between sexes (IRR 0.82, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.04, p=0.109). Most injuries (70.7%) were training related. The most frequently injured body sites were the ankle (15.8%), foot (12.4%) and lower leg (12.0%). Bone stress injuries (BSIs) were the most burdensome injury type with 31.38 days of time loss per 365 days (95% CI 24.42 to 38.34). Twenty athletes (40.0%) reported at least one bone stress injury (BSI) (range 0–3). The rate of BSIs in female athletes was three times greater compared with male athletes (IRR 2.99, 95% CI 1.26 to 7.07, p=0.013).ConclusionTwo-thirds of injuries reported in elite short-course triathletes resulted in time loss, with the majority occurring during training activities. Foot, ankle and other lower leg injuries had the highest incidence, with BSIs carrying the highest injury burden. The considerably higher rate of BSI observed in female athletes warrants consideration for future prevention strategies in female triathletes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Injury incidence and prevalence in elite short-course triathletes: a 4-year prospective study

Crunkhorn,

Toohey,

Charlton

et al. 2024

Br J Sports Med

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Risk of bias in exercise science: A systematic review of 340 studies

Preobrazenski,

McCaig,

Turner

et al. 2024

iScience

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Applying a Holistic Injury Prevention Approach to Elite Triathletes

Arévalo-Chico,

Sellés-Pérez,

Cejuela

2024

Sports

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(1) Background: Studies on injury prevention programs are lacking for triathletes. The aim of the present study was to describe the results of a holistic (injury) training prevention program (HITP), based on training load control and strength training, in elite triathletes. (2) Methods: The study was conducted over 2021–2023 and involved 18 males and 10 females from the same training group. The HITP itself included various methods of fatigue monitoring, strength training focused on the prevention of overuse injuries (OIs), cycling skills training, and recovery strategies. The total number and type of injuries that were sustained, subsequent training/competition absence time, and injury incidence were determined. (3) Results: Twenty-four injuries were recorded over all three seasons, i.e., 0.65 injuries per 1000 h of training and competition exposure. Fourteen injuries were traumatic injuries (TIs) and ten were OIs. Of the OIs, four were of minimal severity, two were mild, three were moderate, and one was severe (accounting for 1–3, 4–7, 8–28, and >28 days of training absenteeism, respectively). A total of 46.4% of the participants did not present any type of injury and 71,4% did not incur any OIs. Average absenteeism was 17.3 days per injury. (4) Conclusions: The HITP design and implementation resulted in low OI and severe injury incidence. Due to their unpredictable nature, the number of TIs was not reduced. The TIs were suffered more frequently by men. Women are more likely to suffer from OIs, so it is particularly important to prevent OIs in women.

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Injury and illness in short-course triathletes: A systematic review

Cited by 3 publications

References 84 publications

Injury incidence and prevalence in elite short-course triathletes: a 4-year prospective study

Injury incidence and prevalence in elite short-course triathletes: a 4-year prospective study

Risk of bias in exercise science: A systematic review of 340 studies

Applying a Holistic Injury Prevention Approach to Elite Triathletes

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