Injury incidence, severity and profile in Olympic combat sports: a comparative analysis of 7712 athlete exposures from three consecutive Olympic Games

Lystad, Reidar P.; Alevras, Alexander J.; Rudy, Iris Sun; Soligard, Torbjørn; Engebretsen, Lars

doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-102958

Cited by 37 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Finally, to score four points, the use of anticipatory actions prior to scoring was found in FW competitors while defensive actions such as dodges and openings were used after scoring in FTW competitors. The scarce use of four-point actions (Lystad et al, 2020;Menescardi et al, 2020b) is also highlighted in this study which could explain the lack of difference across the weight categories. Despite the lack of sequences found, it should be noticed the use of counterattacks (simultaneous and posterior) to score by the different weight categories.…”

Section: Female Behavior According To Their Weight Category and Effective Actionsmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…The shorter sequence performed by heavier competitors is congruent with previous judo studies (Kuvačić et al, 2017 ), showing lighter weight competitors outscored their heavier peers in muscular endurance, jumping ability, and balance ability. Finally, all competitors performed defensive actions after scoring (blocks, cuts or dodges), preventing kicks from longer distances (Lystad et al, 2020 ). The behavior of FW competitors was characterized by performing counterattacking actions (anticipatory prior and after score, and posterior prior) and HW competitors used direct attacks after scoring.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Different Key Behavioral Patterns to Score in Elite Taekwondoists According to the Weight Category and Gender

et al. 2021

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Traditionally, research in taekwondo has focused on athletes' overall performance considering the entire sample of the tournament or analyzed selected bouts while ignoring behavioral differences of athletes according to their gender and weight category. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the behavioral patterns used to score points in the London Olympic Games according to gender and weight category [fin (FW), feather (FTW), light (LW), and heavy (HW)] of the athletes. A total of 24,940 actions were analyzed by using observational methodology, a mixed method methodology where lag sequential and polar coordinate analysis were applied. Different patterns could be seen in the actions performed prior to score between the weight categories for both genders. To score one point, females FW performed dodges, LW used indirect attacks and HW used direct attacks, posterior counterattacks, dodges and blocks. After scoring one-point, female athletes used a variety of actions, defensives like dodges (FW/LW) and blocks (LW), and offensives like simultaneous counterattacks (FW, FTW, LW) and posterior (FTW) as well as direct (FTW, HW) and indirect (FW) attacks. No patterns were found in males when scoring one-point, only LW competitors performed a sequence characterized by the performance of dodges followed by indirect attacks prior scoring while simultaneous counterattacks occurred after score one point. To score two points, similar patterns were found for all weight groups among female competitors. Females performed openings prior to scoring (LW/HW), while anticipatory (FW/FTW) and posterior counterattacks (LW) occurred after scoring, followed by cuts (FW), direct attacks (LW) and openings (HW). In males, FTW and HW used counterattacks prior to scoring (posterior and simultaneous), while FTW and LW also used counterattacks after scoring (anticipatory and simultaneous). Prior to scoring three points different patterns were found according to the weight category, while FW females used cuts and openings, LW used dodges and posterior counterattacks. After scoring three points, FW continued to use cuts, openings and posterior counterattacks while FTW used indirect attacks and HW used simultaneous counterattacks. On the contrary, similar behavior was found in males. FW and LWs used simultaneous counterattacks prior to scoring while they used defensive actions such as openings (FW) and dodges (LW) after scoring. Male FTW used also posterior counterattacks after scoring. Prior to scoring four points females reported different key behaviors. FW used anticipatory counterattacks and LW direct attacks whereas after scoring, FTW used dodges and openings. Similarities were found in males to score four points. LW and HW performed blocks prior scoring, FW and HW performed also direct attacks while FTW performed posterior counterattacks prior score. After scoring, defensives actions were performed such as dodges (LW) or cuts (FW, FTW, HW) and indirect attacks (LW, HW). This is one of the first studies analyzing behavioral patterns in taekwondo according to the weight category and gender of the athletes. The observed relationships identified different behavioral patterns according to the weight category for each gender and demonstrate the necessity to individualize trainings according to the athlete's characteristics (weight and gender). It is suggested that coaches and psychologists train athletes to improve their decision-making according to the successful patterns extracted in this study.

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Section: Female Behavior According To Their Weight Category and Effective Actionsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Different Key Behavioral Patterns to Score in Elite Taekwondoists According to the Weight Category and Gender

et al. 2021

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“…Sports participation is not without risk, and most athletes incur at least one injury throughout their careers. Olympic combat sport athletes sustain, on average, one injury every 2.1 h of competition [ 2 ]. Furthermore, about 30% of the injuries sustained during competition result in >7 days of absence, and about 20% resulted in 1–7 days of absence from competition or training [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Olympic combat sport athletes sustain, on average, one injury every 2.1 h of competition [ 2 ]. Furthermore, about 30% of the injuries sustained during competition result in >7 days of absence, and about 20% resulted in 1–7 days of absence from competition or training [ 2 ]. The treatment and rehabilitation processes have a significant psychological and economic burden on the athlete, family, and society.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Considerations for Injury Prevention and Recovery in Combat Sports

et al. 2021

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Sports participation is not without risk, and most athletes incur at least one injury throughout their careers. Combat sports are popular all around the world, and about one-third of their injuries result in more than 7 days of absence from competition or training. The most frequently injured body regions are the head and neck, followed by the upper and lower limbs, while the most common tissue types injured are superficial tissues and skin, followed by ligaments and joint capsules. Nutrition has significant implications for injury prevention and enhancement of the recovery process due to its effect on the overall physical and psychological well-being of the athlete and improving tissue healing. In particular, amino acid and protein intake, antioxidants, creatine, and omega-3 are given special attention due to their therapeutic roles in preventing muscle loss and anabolic resistance as well as promoting injury healing. The purpose of this review is to present the roles of various nutritional strategies in reducing the risk of injury and improving the treatment and rehabilitation process in combat sports. In this respect, nutritional considerations for muscle, joint, and bone injuries as well as sports-related concussions are presented. The injury risk associated with rapid weight loss is also discussed. Finally, preoperative nutrition and nutritional considerations for returning to a sport after rehabilitation are addressed.

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“…Royce Gracie's success brought mainstream popularity to BJJ. 23,27 Studies that have been conducted on the epidemiological characteristics of injuries in other martial arts, such as judo, boxing, taekwondo, Shotokan karate, and wrestling, 1,4,11,14,15,19,26 indicate that injury rates and sites of injury may differ between martial arts. 9,30 Data on the epidemiology, mechanisms, and the prevention of injuries in BJJ are still relatively limited.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury Patterns, Risk Factors, and Return to Sport in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu: A Cross-sectional Survey of 1140 Athletes

Hinz

Kleim

Berthold

et al. 2021

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: Brazilian jiu jitsu (BJJ) is a growing martial art that focuses on grappling techniques. Purpose: To quantify the 3-year incidence of BJJ-related injuries and detect common injury patterns as well as risk factors among those practicing BJJ. It was hypothesized that there would be a high incidence of injuries, they would be caused by submissions in sparring situations, and they would occur predominantly at the extremities. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Active BJJ athletes were invited to take an English-language online survey developed by orthopaedic surgeons together with BJJ athletes and a sports scientist. Data were recorded regarding athlete demographics, sporting activity level, injuries within the past 3 years that caused at least a 2-week time loss, injury mechanisms, and return to sport. Results: Overall, 1140 responses were received from 62 different countries; 88.9% of all athletes were male, and 63.9% were regular competitors. Within the investigated cohort, 1052 injuries were recorded in 784 athletes, for an injury incidence of 308 per 1000 athletes per year. The lower extremity (45.7%) and upper extremity (30.2%) were predominant sites of injury, with injuries to the knee (27.1%) being the most common. The most frequent knee injuries were meniscal injuries (n = 65), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears (n = 36), and medial collateral ligament injuries (n = 36). ACL tears were especially associated with long time frames for return to sport. Most injuries occurred during sparring (77.6%) and were caused by submissions (29.7%) and takedowns (26.4%). Competing regularly ( P = .003), older age ( P < .001), and higher belt rank ( P = .003) were significant risk factors for injury. Conclusion: Injury incidence was high among BJJ athletes surveyed, with 2 out of 3 athletes reporting at least 1 injury within a 3-year period that caused a 2-week absence from training. Most injuries occurred during sparring, and we believe that a high potential for injury reduction lies in drawing awareness to common injury patterns and sites in athletes.

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Injury incidence, severity and profile in Olympic combat sports: a comparative analysis of 7712 athlete exposures from three consecutive Olympic Games

Cited by 37 publications

References 35 publications

Analysis of Different Key Behavioral Patterns to Score in Elite Taekwondoists According to the Weight Category and Gender

Analysis of Different Key Behavioral Patterns to Score in Elite Taekwondoists According to the Weight Category and Gender

Nutritional Considerations for Injury Prevention and Recovery in Combat Sports

Injury Patterns, Risk Factors, and Return to Sport in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu: A Cross-sectional Survey of 1140 Athletes

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