Innate endogenous adjuvants prime to desirable immune responses via mucosal routes

Abstract

Vaccination is an effective strategy to prevent infectious or immune related diseases, which has made remarkable contribution in human history. Recently increasing attentions have been paid to mucosal vaccination due to its multiple advantages over conventional ways. Subunit or peptide antigens are more reasonable immunogens for mucosal vaccination than live or attenuated pathogens, however adjuvants are required to augment the immune responses. Many mucosal adjuvants have been developed to prime desirable immune responses to different etiologies. Compared with pathogen derived adjuvants, innate endogenous molecules incorporated into mucosal vaccines demonstrate prominent adjuvanticity and safety. Nowadays, cytokines are broadly used as mucosal adjuvants for participation of signal transduction of immune responses, activation of innate immunity and polarization of adaptive immunity. Desired immune responses are promptly and efficaciously primed on basis of specific interactions between cytokines and corresponding receptors. In addition, some other innate molecules are also identified as potent mucosal adjuvants. This review focuses on innate endogenous mucosal adjuvants, hoping to shed light on the development of mucosal vaccines.

Low-molecular-weight polysaccharides from Agaricus�blazei Murrill modulate the Th1 response in cancer immunity

“…CD4 + Th cells consist of two predominant subtypes: Th1 cells characterized by the production of IL-2, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor and Th2 cells characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL6 and IL-10 ( 29 ). Functionally, Th1 cells stimulate cellular immunity, target intracellular pathogens, activate phagocytosis, induce IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 antibodies and promote delayed-type hypersensitivity responses ( 30 ). By contrast, Th2 cells mainly promote humoral responses, which particularly involve IgG1, IgE and IgA ( 31 ).…”

Innovative Mucosal Vaccine Formulations Against Influenza A Virus Infections

“…Cytokines and chemokines are signaling molecules released by a wide range of immune and non-immune cells (198). They are critically involved in host defense against infections by modulating the activation, maturation, differentiation, migration, survival and functions of innate and adaptive immune cells (198). These molecules have been considered as interesting alternatives to pathogen-derived adjuvants for anti-IAV vaccines (198).…”

“…Various cytokines such as IL-2, IL-12, IL-1 family cytokines (IL-1α/β, IL-18, and IL-33), IL-23 and type I IFNs are efficient and safe mucosal adjuvants when admixed with IAV WIV, split or subunit vaccines in mice (198, 199). For example, the incorporation of type I IFNs to an i.n.…”

“…Mucosal vaccine formulations with cytokines/chemokines anchored into influenza WIV or VLPs have also been successfully tested in mice (151, 202–204). The incorporation of cytokines/chemokines in nanoparticle vaccine formulations could overcome the relatively short half-life of these molecules (198). Recent studies have been focused on CCL28, which is highly expressed by epithelial cells and selectively attracts T and B cell subsets (including IgA ASCs) at mucosal surfaces (151, 203).…”

“…Although cytokines/chemokines are promising adjuvants for mucosal anti-IAV vaccines, these molecules may present some drawbacks (198). The pleiotropic effects of these proteins on immune cells may result in unwanted adverse effects.…”