Innate Immunity Provides Biomarkers of Health for Teleosts Exposed to Nanoparticles

Abstract

In recent years, the unique properties of nanoparticles have fostered novel applications in various fields such as biology, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and others. Unfortunately, their rapid integration into daily life has also led to environmental concerns due to uncontrolled release of nanoparticles into the aquatic environment. Despite increasing awareness of nanoparticle bioaccumulation in the aquatic environment, much remains to be learned about their impact on aquatic organisms and how to best monitor these effects. Herein, we provide the first review of innate immunity as an emerging tool to assess the health of fish following nanoparticle exposure. Fish are widely used as sentinels for aquatic ecosystem pollution and innate immune parameters offer sensitive and reliable tools that can be harnessed for evaluation of contamination events. The most frequent biomarkers highlighted in literature to date include, but are not limited to, parameters associated with leukocyte dynamics, oxidative stress, and cytokine production. Taken together, innate immunity offers finite and sensitive biomarkers for assessment of the impact of nanoparticles on fish health.

EcoToxModules: Custom Gene Sets to Organize and Analyze Toxicogenomics Data from Ecological Species

“…This module was enriched with five GO BP terms and five KEGG pathways, all of which were related to the innate immune system and especially to complement activation (Table S6). Links between exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and modulation of the innate immune system in teleost fish have been established by many previous studies, 57,58 including several that observed the perturbation of pathways related to complement activation with whole-transcriptome profiling. 57,59−61 One review found that parameters related to complement activation showed significant responses 95% of the time (n = 19 exposures) for EDCs and 67% of the time (n = 144 exposures) for all exposures.…”

Chemically and Green Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles Alter Key Immunological Molecules in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Skin Mucus

“…Hawkins et al, [61] monitored the amount of mucus production and recorded an increase in mucus production in Pimephales promelas gills after 4 h exposure to silver nitrate NPs (AgNO 3 ) that persisted until 24 h. Then, on the third day, the amount of mucous production showed a remarkable decrease. The third study displayed the significant impact of NPs on several innate immune parameters, displaying profound alterations in skin mucus, the function of leukocytes (macrophages and neutrophils), NPs internalization, expression of cytokine, and lysozyme level [58].…”

“…Several literature data have addressed the ZnO-NPs toxicity following waterborne exposure to various aquatic organisms [55][56][57]. The innate immune parameters including mucus analysis of the fish skin, leukocytes function, NPs internalization, cytokine expression, and lysozyme level are promising biomarkers to assess fish health upon exposure to NPs [58].…”

“…It is probable that the green synthesized ZnO-NPs contain a potential substrate for lysozyme thus the induction of lysozyme activity. However, a different perspective mentioned by [58], stated that NPs cause suppression of the fish lysozyme activity. Lysozyme activity was decreased in fish exposed to waterborne concentrations of commercial and green synthesized ZnO-NPs.…”

Dietary lysine modulates growth performance, haemato‐biochemical indices, non‐specific immune response, intestinal enzymatic activities and antioxidant properties of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss fingerlings

“…It has recently been suggested that haematological, serum biochemical and innate immune parameters are important indicators of health status ( Ahmed & Sheikh, 2019;Fazio, 2019;Fazio et al, 2019;Torrealba et al, 2019). The measurement of blood variables is one of the analytical means in monitoring pathological and physiological changes in relation to nutritional deficiencies, disease, quality of water parameters and environmental monitoring…”