Inner Properties Estimation of Gala Apple Using Spectral Data and Two Statistical and Artificial Intelligence Based Methods

Abstract

Fruits provide various vitamins to the human body. The chemical properties of fruits provide useful information to researchers, including determining the ripening time of fruits and the lack of nutrients in them. Conventional methods for determining the chemical properties of fruits are destructive and time-consuming methods that have no application for online operations. For that, various researchers have conducted various studies on non-destructive methods, which are currently in the research and development stage. Thus, the present paper focusses on a non-destructive method based on spectral data in the 200–1100-nm region for estimation of total soluble solids and BrimA in Gala apples. The work steps included: (1) collecting different samples of Gala apples at different stages of maturity; (2) extracting spectral data of samples and pre-preprocessing them; (3) measuring the chemical properties of TSS and BrimA; (4) selecting optimal (effective) wavelengths using artificial neural network-simulated annealing algorithm (ANN-SA); and (5) estimating chemical properties based on partial least squares regression (PLSR) and hybrid artificial neural network known as the imperialist competitive algorithm (ANN-ICA). It should be noted that, in order to investigate the validity of the methods, the estimation algorithm was repeated 500 times. In the end, the results displayed that, in the best training, the ANN-ICA predicted the TSS and BrimA with correlation coefficients of 0.963 and 0.965 and root mean squared error of 0.167% and 0.596%, respectively.

Intelligent Transportation Storage Condition Assessment System For Fruits and Vegetables Supply Chain Using Internet of Things Enabled Sensor Network

“…These products' quality and overall condition heavily depend on appropriate storage procedures. Current processing techniques, such as sensory assessments [10] and analytical methods are destructive, time-consuming, and demand signi cant effort and resources.The authors [11] have proposed recent advancements to effectively monitor the temperature in storage chambers for vegetables. Their study concentrates on controlling temperature conditions to ensure quality and prevent spoilage throughout the supply chain.…”

Transformations for non-destructive evaluation of brix in mango by reflectance spectroscopy and machine learning

“…It is evident that near infrared spectroscopy is a fast and non-destructive method to evidence fruit quality; therefore, it saves labor hours, manpower and improves accuracy in grading these fruits. Therefore, being able to study changes in these parameters will allow producing quality fruits and harvesting them at the right time, either for immediate consumption or to withstand export time [13].…”

“…In the NIR range 700 to 990 the best model for predicting DM, TSS and maturity was obtained, without using any processing technique to the spectral data. Another study [13] pointed out that the use of the entire spectral range is detrimental to the calculation, since these are usually of large volume and the purchasing cost of spectral reading devices increases proportionally to the total range. For these reasons, the most relevant lengths are analyzed with artificial neural network-simulated annealing algorithm (ANN-SA).…”

“…For these reasons, the most relevant lengths are analyzed with artificial neural network-simulated annealing algorithm (ANN-SA). The manuscript worked on the estimation of the TSS and BrimA of the Gala apple, which determined that for TSS the wavelengths 953, 961, 977 and 983 nm are the most effective and for BrimA are 958, 966, 972 and 984 nm [13]. Likewise, in 2020, a study used an algorithm based on an artificial neural network-differential evolutionary (ANN-DE) that determined the effective wavelengths for 3 properties (firmness, acidity and starch content) of Fuji apple.…”

Non-Destructive Measurement of Quality Parameters of Apple Fruit by Using Visible/Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Regression Analysis

“…Due to the change in the nature of the demand of the consumers of agricultural products to buy products that have high quality and health, the development of accurate and fast quality-control systems is very important. At present, visual inspection is still widely used as one of the common methods of quality control, which is, however, dependent on personal thinking and is time-consuming, laborious, and tiring [3]. In cases where ultraviolet light is used by trained operators to identify fruits whose tissues are diseased or rotten, in addition to the disadvantages mentioned in this type of visual inspection, human skin is also at risk [4].…”