“…First, we provide new insights into the performance of European index funds and ETFs. Most current studies are based on US funds and attribute fund performance to fund expenses, which are measured by expense ratios and organisational structures (see, e.g., Elton et al, 2002;Poterba and Shoven, 2002;Blume and Edelen, 2004;Elton et al, 2004;Gastineau, 2002, 2004and Agapova, 2009). However, it is currently not known what the relative importance of these factors is in explaining the performance of passive funds listed in Europe.…”