Input impedance characteristics of wearable transmitter electrodes for intra-body communication

Koshiji, Fukuro; Sasaki, Ken; Muramatsu, Dairoku; Koshiji, Kohji

doi:10.1109/gcce.2012.6379627

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…2) The electric field is mainly confined to the outer layers of the arm in the range from 1 kHz to 100 MHz, evidencing that the far-field component, associated to radiation, could be neglected, as was also concluded in [21] and [29]. In this paper, it has been also found that the electric field is mainly confined in the skin up to 1 MHz, and that it only decreases about 5 dB up to 100 MHz.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…It can be seen that as the frequency increases, the magnitude decreases and the phase has an inflexion point at approximately 20 kHz. Even when bioimpedance results have not usually been reported in the IBC literature [20]- [23], these results agree well with those simulated in [29] as well as with experimental measurements carried out in [30]. In addition, the results adequately fit a three-dispersion Cole model (5), as shown in Fig.…”

Section: A Bioimpedancesupporting

confidence: 85%

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Galvanic Coupling Transmission in Intrabody Communication: A Finite Element Approach

Callejón

Reina‐Tosina

Naranjo-Hernández

et al. 2014

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.

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Galvanic coupling in intrabody communication (IBC) is a technique that couples low-power and low-frequency voltages and currents into the human body, which acts as a transmission medium, and thus constitutes a promising approach in the design of personal health devices. Despite important advances being made during recent years, the investigation of relevant galvanic IBC parameters, including the influence of human tissues and different electrode configurations, still requires further research efforts. The objective of this work is to disclose knowledge into IBC galvanic coupling transmission mechanisms by using a realistic 3-D finite element model of the human arm. Unlike other computational models for IBC, we have modeled the differential configuration of the galvanic coupling as a four-port network in order to analyze the electric field distribution and current density through different tissues. This has allowed us to provide an insight into signal transmission paths through the human body, showing them to be considerably dependent on variables such as frequency and inter-electrode distance. In addition, other important variables, for example bioimpedance and pathloss, have also been analyzed. Finally, experimental measurements were also carried out for the sake of validation, demonstrating the reliability of the model to emulate in general forms some of the behaviors observed in practice.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: A Bioimpedancesupporting

confidence: 85%

Galvanic Coupling Transmission in Intrabody Communication: A Finite Element Approach

Callejón

Reina‐Tosina

Naranjo-Hernández

et al. 2014

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.

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“…In the literature, devices with input resistances of 1 MΩ and 50 Ω [29,38,139] have been considered indistinctly. In the specific case of galvanic coupling, the impedance seen before and after the measuring device is that of the electrode-skin interface, which is frequency dependent [9,38,140,164,165]. Therefore, the use of electronic equipment with input resistances of 50 Ω may not be an optimal option since an impedance mismatch with respect to that shown by the skin could exist, therefore leading to lower values of received signal and channel gain.…”

Section: Measurement Issues and Experimental Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electrodes in IBC are analogous to antennas in airborne wireless communication systems [140]. This is why they play a very important role in IBC communication.…”

Section: Electrodes and Body Couplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Past Results, Present Trends, and Future Challenges in Intrabody Communication

Naranjo-Hernández

Callejón-Leblic

Vasić

et al. 2018

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

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Intrabody communication (IBC) is a wireless communication technology using the human body to develop body area networks (BANs) for remote and ubiquitous monitoring. IBC uses living tissues as a transmission medium, achieving power-saving and miniaturized transceivers, making communications more robust against external interference and attacks on the privacy of transmitted data. Due to these advantages, IBC has been included as a third physical layer in the IEEE 802.15.6 standard for wireless body area networks (WBANs) designated as Human Body Communication (HBC). Further research is needed to compare both methods depending on the characteristics of IBC application. Challenges remain for an optimal deployment of IBC technology, such as the effect of long-term use in the human body, communication optimization through more realistic models, the influence of both anthropometric characteristics and the subject's movement on the transmission performance, standardization of communications, and development of small-size and energy-efficient prototypes with increased data rate. The purpose of this work is to provide an indepth overview of recent advances and future challenges in human body/intrabody communication for wireless communications and mobile computing.

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“…The one electrode is connected to the ground, while the second one is connected to the output pin. The coupler's position on the human body influences the communication too [16,17]. In our experiments, the pair of the transmitter's electrodes was placed along the hand.…”

Section: Hardware Implementation and Experimental Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying Pulse Width Modulation in Body Coupled Communication

Moralis-Pegios

Alexandridou

Koukourlis

2015

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

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We study the application of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique in Body Coupled Communication. The term Body Coupled Communication is used in order to specify that the human body or a part of it, such as an arm, is used as a path that transfers digital information. The digital information is either generated due to coupling of the body, for example, in medical equipment as a result of a measurement, or generated by external circuitry attached somewhere onto the body and is transferred to a terminal by touching it. In this paper, the latter case will be described, where, for illustration purposes, the touch of the human hand on a doorknob triggers the unlocking mechanism.

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Input impedance characteristics of wearable transmitter electrodes for intra-body communication

Cited by 4 publications

References 2 publications

Galvanic Coupling Transmission in Intrabody Communication: A Finite Element Approach

Galvanic Coupling Transmission in Intrabody Communication: A Finite Element Approach

Past Results, Present Trends, and Future Challenges in Intrabody Communication

Applying Pulse Width Modulation in Body Coupled Communication

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