Insect cuticular sclerotization: A review

Andersen, Svend Olav

doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.10.007

Cited by 505 publications

(443 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…Depending on the species, coloring can be caused by chromophores and/or by "structural coloring" imparted from microstructures [34]. For example, pigmentation in flies, bees, and wasps is attributed to the presence of aromatic compounds heavily involved in cross-linking of the extracellular matrix, as well as to the occurrence of melanin in black-colored cuticle [35]. In the case of moth and butterfly wings, electron microscopy has revealed that cuticular structures are arrayed in multilayers or contain photonic crystals [36], both of which produce optical interference and can contribute to iridescent coloring.…”

Section: Optical Properties Of Fly Cuticlementioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Laser Desorption Ionization of Endogenous and Exogenous Compounds from Insect Cuticles: Practical and Methodologic Aspects

Yew

Soltwisch²,

Pirkl³

et al. 2011

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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We recently demonstrated that ultraviolet laser desorption ionization orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UV-LDI o-TOF MS) could be used for the matrix-free analysis of cuticular lipids (unsaturated aliphatic and oxygen-containing hydrocarbons and triacylglycerides) directly from individual Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies (Yew, J. Y.; Dreisewerd, K.; Luftmann, H.; Pohlentz, G.; Kravitz, E. A., Curr. Biol. 2009, 19, 1245-1254. In this report, we show that the cuticular hydrocarbon, fatty acid, and triglyceride profiles of other insects and spiders can also be directly analyzed from intact body parts. Mandibular pheromones from the jaw of a queen honey bee are provided as one example. In addition, we describe analytical features and examine mechanisms underlying the methodology. Molecular ions of lipids can be generated by direct UV-LDI when non-endogenous compounds are applied to insect wings or other body parts. Current sensitivity limits are in the 10 pmol range. We show also the dependence of ion signal intensity on collisional cooling gas pressure in the ion source, laser wavelength (varied between 280-380 nm and set to 2.94 μm for infrared LDI), and laser pulse energy.

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Section: Optical Properties Of Fly Cuticlementioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Laser Desorption Ionization of Endogenous and Exogenous Compounds from Insect Cuticles: Practical and Methodologic Aspects

Yew

Soltwisch²,

Pirkl³

et al. 2011

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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“…laccase2 is a multicopper oxidase that is essential for cuticular sclerotinization. 20,32,33 As with mgl, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to associate natural genetic variation in laccase2 with variation in female abdominal pigmentation in D. melanogaster. Similarly, on chromosome 2L, there was a SNP (P D 6.30 £ 10 ¡10 ) 67-bp downstream of Dopa decarboxylase (Ddc), which could affect regulation of Ddc expression.…”

Section: Even More Candidate Genesmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…36,37 Peroxidases have been suggested to facilitate sclerotinization of the cuticle by catalyzing the oxidation of NADA and NBAD to ortho-quinones. 33 There are also several variants on 2L in and around CG9336. RNAi knockdown of this gene results in body color differences on the central notum and the surrounding area.…”

Section: Even More Candidate Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic basis of natural variation in body pigmentation inDrosophila melanogaster

Dembeck

Huang

Carbone

et al. 2015

Fly

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“…This is very likely to be the mechanism leading to the observed increase in D. pulex carapace stability [49]. Moreover, dopamine has been shown to influence the degree of cuticle melanization [46,48]. For example, Daphnia under fish predation were shown to increase their transparency, and thereby decrease the chance of visual detection by the predator [50].…”

Section: (B) Neuronal Control Of Predator-induced Phenotypic Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the phenotypic outcome depends on the differential regulation of neuronal and hormonal agents. If released onto the epidermis, dopamine is an intermediate and enhances the cross-linking of orthoquinones resulting in cuticle sclerotization, a process known from many arthropod taxa [46][47][48]. This is very likely to be the mechanism leading to the observed increase in D. pulex carapace stability [49].…”

Section: (B) Neuronal Control Of Predator-induced Phenotypic Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dopamine is a key regulator in the signalling pathway underlying predator-induced defences inDaphnia

Weiss

Leese

Laforsch³

et al. 2015

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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The waterflea Daphnia is a model to investigate the genetic basis of phenotypic plasticity resulting from one differentially expressed genome. Daphnia develops adaptive phenotypes (e.g. morphological defences) thwarting predators, based on chemical predator cue perception. To understand the genomic basis of phenotypic plasticity, the description of the precedent cellular and neuronal mechanisms is fundamental. However, key regulators remain unknown. All neuronal and endocrine stimulants were able to modulate but not induce defences, indicating a pathway of interlinked steps. A candidate able to link neuronal with endocrine responses is the multi-functional amine dopamine. We here tested its involvement in trait formation in Daphnia pulex and Daphnia longicephala using an induction assay composed of predator cues combined with dopaminergic and cholinergic stimulants. The mere application of both stimulants was sufficient to induce morphological defences. We determined dopamine localization in cells found in close association with the defensive trait. These cells serve as centres controlling divergent morphologies. As a mitogen and sclerotization agent, we anticipate that dopamine is involved in proliferation and structural formation of morphological defences. Furthermore, dopamine pathways appear to be interconnected with endocrine pathways, and control juvenile hormone and ecdysone levels. In conclusion, dopamine is suggested as a key regulator of phenotypic plasticity.

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Insect cuticular sclerotization: A review

Cited by 505 publications

References 137 publications

Direct Laser Desorption Ionization of Endogenous and Exogenous Compounds from Insect Cuticles: Practical and Methodologic Aspects

Direct Laser Desorption Ionization of Endogenous and Exogenous Compounds from Insect Cuticles: Practical and Methodologic Aspects

Genetic basis of natural variation in body pigmentation inDrosophila melanogaster

Dopamine is a key regulator in the signalling pathway underlying predator-induced defences inDaphnia

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