Insect-Fungus Interactions in Dead Wood Systems

Birkemoe, Tone; Jacobsen, Rannveig M.; Sverdrup‐Thygeson, Anne; Biedermann, Peter H. W.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75937-1_12

Cited by 53 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 199 publications

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“…Filamentous fungi are generally known to be common symbionts of bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae). While many species use beetles for dissemination with apparently little benefits for their vectors ( Birkemoe et al, 2018 ; Seibold et al, 2019 ) other fungi are essential for the beetles like nutritional or tree-defenses-detoxifying mutualists as well as tree-defenses-stimulating fungi (e.g., Six, 2003 ; Lieutier et al, 2009 ; Kandasamy et al, 2019 ; Biedermann and Vega, 2020 ). The most famous nutritional mutualisms are those between xylem-colonizing ambrosia beetles and various “ambrosia fungus” species in the ascomycete orders Hypocreales, Microascales and Ophiostomatales as well as phloem-colonizing Dendroctonus bark beetles and their basidiomycete and ascomycete mutualists in the orders Russulales and Ophiostomatales ( Barras and Perry, 1972 ; Six and Paine, 1998 ; Six and Klepzig, 2004 ; Harrington, 2005 ; Kirkendall et al, 2015 ; Biedermann and Vega, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethanol-Enriched Substrate Facilitates Ambrosia Beetle Fungi, but Inhibits Their Pathogens and Fungal Symbionts of Bark Beetles

2021

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Bark beetles (sensu lato) colonize woody tissues like phloem or xylem and are associated with a broad range of micro-organisms. Specific fungi in the ascomycete orders Hypocreales, Microascales and Ophistomatales as well as the basidiomycete Russulales have been found to be of high importance for successful tree colonization and reproduction in many species. While fungal mutualisms are facultative for most phloem-colonizing bark beetles (sensu stricto), xylem-colonizing ambrosia beetles are long known to obligatorily depend on mutualistic fungi for nutrition of adults and larvae. Recently, a defensive role of fungal mutualists for their ambrosia beetle hosts was revealed: Few tested mutualists outcompeted other beetle-antagonistic fungi by their ability to produce, detoxify and metabolize ethanol, which is naturally occurring in stressed and/or dying trees that many ambrosia beetle species preferentially colonize. Here, we aim to test (i) how widespread beneficial effects of ethanol are among the independently evolved lineages of ambrosia beetle fungal mutualists and (ii) whether it is also present in common fungal symbionts of two bark beetle species (Ips typographus, Dendroctonus ponderosae) and some general fungal antagonists of bark and ambrosia beetle species. The majority of mutualistic ambrosia beetle fungi tested benefited (or at least were not harmed) by the presence of ethanol in terms of growth parameters (e.g., biomass), whereas fungal antagonists were inhibited. This confirms the competitive advantage of nutritional mutualists in the beetle’s preferred, ethanol-containing host material. Even though most bark beetle fungi are found in the same phylogenetic lineages and ancestral to the ambrosia beetle (sensu stricto) fungi, most of them were highly negatively affected by ethanol and only a nutritional mutualist of Dendroctonus ponderosae benefited, however. This suggests that ethanol tolerance is a derived trait in nutritional fungal mutualists, particularly in ambrosia beetles that show cooperative farming of their fungi.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethanol-Enriched Substrate Facilitates Ambrosia Beetle Fungi, but Inhibits Their Pathogens and Fungal Symbionts of Bark Beetles

2021

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“…This suggests that the availability of fungal resources is a potential determinant of differences in beetle successional trajectories between habitats. Beetle–fungi interactions is emerging as an important research frontier in the study of saproxylic organisms and wood degradation (Birkemoe et al 2018 ; Jacobsen et al 2018a , b ; Biedermann et al 2019 ; Six et al 2019 ) and elucidating the effects of the abiotic environment on these interactions is an important challenge for the future (see also below).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental conditions alter successional trajectories on an ephemeral resource: a field experiment with beetles in dead wood

et al. 2020

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Successional processes can be observed for many organisms and resources, but most studies of succession have focused on plants. A general framework has been proposed, advocating that successional patterns in species turnover are predominantly driven by competition, dispersal or abiotic limitation, and that the patterning of species accumulation over time gives clues to which process is most influential in a given system. We applied this framework to succession in communities of wood-living beetles, utilizing ephemeral resources in the form of 60 experimentally created dead aspen high stumps. High stumps were created at sun-exposed sites (high ambient temperature; favourable abiotic conditions) and shaded sites (low ambient temperature; abiotically limiting conditions). The sites were intermixed, ensuring similar dispersal opportunities. Beetle species richness and abundance were monitored with flight interception traps over four consecutive years. Consistent with predictions from the tested framework, several beetle functional groups accumulated species more slowly at the unfavourable shaded sites than at the favourable exposed sites. Species richness at the exposed sites increased rapidly to a plateau, consistent with a limiting effect of competition on community development. Similar results were obtained for beetle abundance and community structure. Part of the variance in beetle community structure was jointly explained by habitat and fungal community composition, suggesting that differences in the composition and developmental rate of fungal communities in the two habitats contributed to the observed patterns. Targeted experimental studies are now required to decisively establish what processes underlie the contrasting successional trajectories in the two environments.

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“… Notodoma lewisi is a fungivorous species. Fungi can provide insects with nutrients and essential elements, and in recently dead wood they detoxify plant defenses and provide protection ( Birkemoe et al 2018 ). Such beetles might serve as a dispersal vector for dead-wood-inhabiting fungi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution to the knowledge of the clown beetle fauna of Lebanon, with a key to all species (Coleoptera, Histeridae)

Shayya¹,

Lackner²

2020

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The occurrence of histerids in Lebanon has received little specific attention. Hence, an aim to enrich the knowledge of this coleopteran family through a survey across different Lebanese regions in this work. Seventeen species belonging to the genera Atholus Thomson, 1859, Hemisaprinus Kryzhanovskij, 1976, Hister Linnaeus, 1758, Hypocacculus Bickhardt, 1914, Margarinotus Marseul, 1853, Saprinus Erichson, 1834, Tribalus Erichson, 1834, and Xenonychus Wollaston, 1864 were recorded. Specimens were sampled mainly with pitfall traps baited with ephemeral materials like pig dung, decayed fish, and pig carcasses. Several species were collected by sifting soil detritus, sand cascading, and other specialized techniques. Six newly recorded species for the Lebanese fauna are the necrophilous Hister sepulchralis Erichson, 1834, Hemisaprinus subvirescens (Ménétriés, 1832), Saprinus (Saprinus) externus (Fischer von Waldheim, 1823), Saprinus (Saprinus) figuratus Marseul, 1855, and Saprinus (Saprinus) niger (Motschulsky, 1849) all associated with rotting fish and dung, and the psammophilous Xenonychus tridens (Jacquelin du Val, 1853). With the exception of Hister sepulchralis, all these taxa belong to the Saprininae subfamily. A most likely undescribed species of Tribalus (Tribalus) (Tribalinae) has also been collected in detritus at wet places near rivers in Lebanon. Because of the complexity of the genus Tribalus, with possible numerous new species present in the circum-Mediterranean area, the Lebanese species is not described herein, pending a revision of the genus. This study advocates further research aimed at improving taxonomic and ecological knowledge of this coleopteran family in Lebanon. The number of Histeridae species currently known from Lebanon stands at 41; a key to all species including images is included.

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Insect-Fungus Interactions in Dead Wood Systems

Cited by 53 publications

References 199 publications

Ethanol-Enriched Substrate Facilitates Ambrosia Beetle Fungi, but Inhibits Their Pathogens and Fungal Symbionts of Bark Beetles

Ethanol-Enriched Substrate Facilitates Ambrosia Beetle Fungi, but Inhibits Their Pathogens and Fungal Symbionts of Bark Beetles

Environmental conditions alter successional trajectories on an ephemeral resource: a field experiment with beetles in dead wood

Contribution to the knowledge of the clown beetle fauna of Lebanon, with a key to all species (Coleoptera, Histeridae)

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