Insect repellents: An updated review for the clinician

Nguyen, Quoc-Bao D.; Vu, Mai-Anh N.; Hebert, Adelaide A.

doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.10.053

Cited by 62 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Citronella oil is an essential oil that is extracted from the leaves and stem of lemongrass and is widely used around the world as an insect repellant (Nguyen et al, 2018). The active repellatory agent in citronella oil is the monoterpenoid molecule, citronellal.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pichia biosensor for high‐throughput analyses of compounds that can influence mosquito behavior

Varela

Yadav

2020

MicrobiologyOpen

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Mosquitoes utilize their sense of smell to locate prey and feed on their blood. Repellents interfere with the biochemical cascades that detect odors. Consequently, repellants are highly effective and resource‐efficient alternatives for controlling the spread of mosquito‐borne illnesses. Unfortunately, the discovery of repellents is slow, laborious, and error‐prone. To this end, we have taken a giant stride toward improving the speed and accuracy of repellant discovery by constructing a prototypical whole‐cell biosensor for accurate detection of mosquito behavior‐modifying compounds such as repellants. As a proof‐of‐concept, we genetically engineered Pichia pastoris to express the olfactory receptor co‐receptor (Orco) of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. This transmembrane protein behaves like a cationic channel upon activation by stimulatory odorants. When the engineered Pichia cells are cultured in calcium‐containing Hank's buffer, induction of the medium with a stimulatory odorant results in an influx of calcium ions into the cells, and the stimulatory effect is quantifiable using the calcium‐sequestering fluorescent dye, fluo‐4‐acetoxymethyl ester. Moreover, the stimulatory effect can be titrated by adjusting either the concentration of calcium ions in the medium or the level of induction of the stimulatory odorant. Subsequent exposure of the activated Pichia cells to a repellant molecule inhibits the stimulatory effect and quenches the fluorescent signal, also in a titratable manner. Significantly, the modular architecture of the biosensor allows easy and efficient expansion of its detection range by co‐expressing Orco with other olfactory receptors. The high‐throughput assay is also compatible with robotic screening infrastructure, and our development represents a paradigm change for the discovery of mosquito repellants.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pichia biosensor for high‐throughput analyses of compounds that can influence mosquito behavior

Varela

Yadav

2020

MicrobiologyOpen

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“…Repellents of natural origin, such as lemon, eucalyptus, and citronella are also widely used. Despite its relative toxicity [28], DEET is the reference repellent of the WHO [13] because it is the most efficient and long-lasting repellent available [29]. The recommended concentration of DEET ranges from 7 to 10% for a shortterm effective duration (< 2 h), and from 20 to 30% for longer periods (up to 6 h) [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New mosquito repellency bioassay for evaluation of repellents and pyrethroids using an attractive blood-feeding device

Morimoto

Kawada

Kuramoto³

et al. 2021

Parasites Vectors

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Background With the increasing threat of the worldwide spread of mosquito-borne infectious diseases, consumer interest in anti-mosquito textiles that protect against mosquito bites is also increasing. Accordingly, repellent- or insecticide-treated textiles are gaining popularity. The standardization of commercial textile products is, therefore, indispensable for an authentic and objective evaluation of these products. Here we report a textile testing method using an artificial blood-feeding system that does not involve human volunteers or live animals, which aligns with the policy of protecting human and animal welfare. Methods The attractive blood-feeding device (ABFD) was designed using the Hemotek® membrane feeding system. The repellency of DEET, icaridin and permethrin was assayed using unfed female adults of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) under two different test conditions, namely choice and no-choice tests. The choice test consisted of two feeding units, one chemically treated and untreated, that were installed on the ABFD; mosquitoes attracted to and resting on the feeding units were counted and the overall blood-feeding rates recorded. The no-choice test consisted of two feeding units treated with the same chemical that were installed on the ABFD; mosquitoes attracted to and resting on the feeding units were counted and the blood-feeding rates were recorded. A control test was conducted using two feeding units, both sides of which were untreated. Results In the choice test, high repellency (> 95% inhibition of resting on the treated surface) of 1% DEET and 2% icaridin was observed, whereas 2% permethrin was not an effective repellent. Also, high blood-feeding inhibition (> 95%) was observed for 2% DEET and 2% icaridin. In the no-choice test, high repellency was observed for 1% DEET and 2% icaridin, whereas the repellency of 2% permethrin was low. Also, high blood-feeding inhibition was observed for 2% DEET, 4% icaridin and 2% permethrin. Conclusions The accuracy and reproducibility of the developed method demonstrate that the ABFD may be widely used for fundamental experiments in the field of mosquito physiology, for the development of new repellent chemicals and in evaluation studies of mosquito repellent products, such as anti-mosquito textiles. The further development of the membrane and feeding unit systems will enable a more practical evaluation of mosquito repellents and blood-feeding inhibitors, such as pyrethroids.

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“…N,N‑Diethyl‑3‑methylbenzamide (DEET), the most commonly used topical repellent active [ 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 ], was absorbed in poly(ethylene‑co‑vinyl-acetate) (EVA) that served as the core of the filaments while semi-crystalline high density polyethylene (HDPE) served as a release barrier. By incorporating DEET in textiles, the need for frequent reapplication, typical for topical repellents, was eliminated [ 2 , 8 ]. Not only is this more cost effective, but also avoids overuse, reducing the potential skin reactions associated, albeit very rarely, with DEET [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melt-Spun Poly(D,L-lactic acid) Monofilaments Containing N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide as Mosquito Repellent

et al. 2021

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Malaria is still a major tropical disease, with Africa particularly burdened. It has been proposed that outdoor protection could aid substantially in reducing the malaria incidence rate in rural African communities. Recently, melt-spun polyolefin fibers containing mosquito repellents have been shown to be promising materials to this end. In this study, the incorporation of N,N‑Diethyl‑3‑methylbenzamide (DEET)—a popular and widely available mosquito repellent—in commercially available, amorphous poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) is investigated with the aim of producing biodegradable mosquito-repelling filaments with a reduced environmental impact. It is shown to be possible to produce macroscopically stable PDLLA-DEET compounds containing up to 20 wt.-% DEET that can be melt-spun to produce filaments, albeit at relatively low take-up speeds. A critical DEET content allows for stress-induced crystallization during the spinning of the otherwise amorphous PDLLA, resulting in the formation of α-crystals. Although the mechanical integrity of the filaments is notably impacted by the incorporation of DEET, these filaments show potential as materials that can be used for Malaria vector control.

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Insect repellents: An updated review for the clinician

Cited by 62 publications

References 61 publications

A Pichia biosensor for high‐throughput analyses of compounds that can influence mosquito behavior

A Pichia biosensor for high‐throughput analyses of compounds that can influence mosquito behavior

New mosquito repellency bioassay for evaluation of repellents and pyrethroids using an attractive blood-feeding device

Melt-Spun Poly(D,L-lactic acid) Monofilaments Containing N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide as Mosquito Repellent

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