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Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic multisystem disease with variable manifestations that can prominently involve the skin. The diagnosis of this disorder has evolved over the past two centuries. The 2012 TSC criteria emphasizes the importance of dermatological findings; orocutaneous manifestations account for 4 of 11 major criterion and 3 of 6 minor criterion. A detailed clinical dermatological evaluation is recommended for both pediatric and adult patients undergoing initial evaluation for TSC. Comprehensive dermatologic evaluation is extremely helpful when assessing these lesions and constructing a differential diagnosis.

cSCC is increasing in prevalence due to increased lifespans and improvements in survival for conditions that increase the risk of cSCC. The absolute mortality of cSCC exceeds melanoma in the United States and approaches that of melanoma worldwide. This review presents significant changes in the management of cSCC, focusing on improvements in risk stratification, new treatment options, optimization of existing treatments, and prevention strategies. One major breakthrough in cSCC treatment is the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), which have ushered in a renaissance in the treatment of patients with locally advanced and metastatic disease. These agents have offered patients with advanced disease decreased therapeutic toxicity compared to traditional chemotherapy agents, a more durable response after discontinuation, and improved survival. cSCC is an active field of research, and this review will highlight some of the novel and more developed clinical trials that are likely to impact cSCC management in the near future.

Objectives To analyze adverse events (AEs) related to sclerosants reported through the Federal Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Methods We queried the FAERS database for all cases associated with sclerosants. Reports were analyzed and stratified based on severity of cases and patient death. Results A total of 1215 cases with 3124 reactions were identified among 4 sclerosants. “General disorder and administration site conditions” reaction group was prevalent in all sclerosants. For polidocanol, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism were the most common severe reactions while cardiac arrest was frequent in death cases. Anaphylaxis was common in fatalities of sodium tetradecyl sulfate. Ethanolamine oleate was associated with procedural errors, while morrhuate sodium resulted in few cases. Conclusion Our analysis supports previous studies concerning common local symptoms, but also reveals serious and death associated reaction profiles specific to individual sclerosants. Practitioners should be knowledgeable on both non-lethal and fatal AEs for each sclerosant. The multitude of reports concerning serious reactions and deaths we report herein provide a cautionary reminder to venous practitioners and patients that sclerotherapy is not a trivial procedure.