Insectary Rearing and Initial Testing in Canada of an Organophosphate/Pyrethroid-Resistant Strain of the Predator Mite
Typhlodromus pyri
(Acari: Phytoseiidae) from New Zealand

Hardman, John; Rogers, Mark L.; Gaul, Sonia O.; Bent, Erika D.

doi:10.1093/ee/26.6.1424

Cited by 24 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…This is true even with generalist predators such as T. pyri, which can survive and reproduce on alternative foods such as pollen. Moreover, a mixed prey population of T. urticae and P. ulmi is a particularly favourable resource to promote increase of T. pyri, the major phytoseiid species in this study (Hardman et al 1997;Lester and Harmsen 2002).…”

Section: Intensity Of Predation By Phytoseiidsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The study orchard and layout of plots The 0.39 ha North Walde orchard consists of 135 Nova Spy trees on M7A rootstock planted 15 June 2001 in seven north-south running rows at a tree spacing of 5.3 9 3.0 m. In August 2003 and August 2004, each tree was inoculated with approximately 40 T. pyri, collected from another research orchard, that were descendants of an organophosphate/ pyrethroid resistant strain imported from New Zealand in 1988 (Hardman et al 1997). The experimental design was a randomized complete block where the six blocks were the six western rows of the orchard and plots were half rows, consisting of seven central trees and adjacent halves of laneways.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The situation only changed in the mid 1990s when growers adopted an integrated program for mite management. A key element of this program was the release in orchards of an organophosphate/pyrethroid-resistant strain of the phytoseiid predator, Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten, imported from New Zealand (Hardman et al 1997(Hardman et al , 2000a. Other elements of the program included monitoring T. pyri and phytophagous mites, application of selective acaricides when needed, and adoption of a modified spray program where growers only applied pesticides that were slightly toxic or harmless to T. pyri.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of the width of the herbicide strip on mite dynamics in apple orchards

et al. 2010

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Herbicide strips are used in apple orchards to promote tree growth and survival, to increase yield and to reduce the risk of rodent damage to tree bark. However, herbicide strips, particularly wider ones, may cause problems including soil erosion, reduced organic matter, leaching of nitrates into ground water and increased incidence of plant diseases and pests, including two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch. In this 2 year study we monitored mite dynamics in apple trees and used sticky bands on tree trunks to determine rates of T. urticae immigration into Nova Spy apple trees in plots with wide (2 m) or narrow (0.5 m) herbicide strips. Use of wider herbicide strips promoted two risk factors that could trigger outbreaks of tetranychid mites. First, concentrations of leaf N in apple trees were higher and those of P and K were lower with the wide strips. Such changes in nutritional quality of leaves would increase the potential for more rapid population growth of T. urticae, and to a lesser extent, the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch). Second, there were higher rates of T. urticae immigration from the ground cover vegetation into the trees. In 2006, and for most of 2007, densities of T. urticae were higher with wide herbicide strips, whereas densities of P. ulmi were not enhanced. However, by late August to early September in 2007, densities of both tetranychids were lower with wide herbicide strips. This is because both risk factors were counterbalanced, and eventually negated, by the enhanced action of phytoseiid predators, mostly Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten. From July through September 2006, ratios of phytoseiids to tetranychids were always several-fold lower with wide herbicide strips but in 2007, from mid-July onwards, predator-prey ratios were usually several-fold higher with wide strips. However, this numerical response of phytoseiids to prey density can only occur where the pesticide program in orchards is not too harsh on phytoseiids. Hence the impact of width of herbicide strip is contingent on the composition and size of the phytoseiid complex and the impact of pesticides on predation.

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Section: Intensity Of Predation By Phytoseiidsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of the width of the herbicide strip on mite dynamics in apple orchards

et al. 2010

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“…Resistance to OPs (and sometimes to chlorpyriphos) has been reported for a number of predatory mite species potentially occurring in European vineyards, such as T. pyri and A. andersoni (e.g., Overmeer and van Zon 1983;Baillod et al 1985;Van de Baan et al 1985;Hadam et al 1986;Ioriatti and Baillod 1987;Maixner 1990;Dunley et al 1991;Duso et al 1992;Cross and Berrie 1994;Hardman et al 1997;Bonafos et al 2007). Recently, the use of chlorpyriphos has become frequent, since control measures against S. titanus in vineyards have become mandatory in Italy, France and elsewhere.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance to chlorpyriphos in the predatory mite Kampimodromus aberrans

2011

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The predatory mite Kampimodromus aberrans (Oudemans) is a key biocontrol agent in vineyards in Italy and Southern Europe. Its susceptibility to common pesticides (e.g., organophosphates) has been considered an important factor in preventing successful biocontrol of phytophagous mites. Nevertheless, populations of K. aberrans apparently resistant to organophosphates (OPs) have been reported to occur in Northern Italian vineyards. The resistance of K. aberrans to fungicides (e.g., mancozeb) has been demonstrated in the laboratory in France, but little is known about the toxicity of insecticides towards K. aberrans. Of these pesticides, the OP chlorpyriphos is extensively used in viticulture to control lepidopterans and homopterans. The present study investigated the dose-response effect of chlorpyriphos in four K. aberrans strains characterized by different levels of exposure to OP insecticides in the past: from never to frequently exposed. Resistance to chlorpyriphos is demonstrated for populations collected from vineyards and apple orchards. Resistance factors exceeded 145,000× for the three strains collected in vineyards and orchard. LC(50) values for resistant strains were 1.85-6.83 times higher than the recommended field dose of chlorpyriphos for vineyards and orchards (525 mg a.i./l).

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“…Typhlodromus pyri SCHEUTEN is a widely distributed, effective natural enemy of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa), on deciduous fruit crops in North America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand (Bower and Thwaite 1982;Markwick 1986Markwick , 1993Suckling et al 1988;Blommers 1994;Hardman et al 1997;McMurtry and Croft 1997). T. pyri is classed as a generalist phytoseiid predator (McMurtry 1992, McMurtry andCroft 1997) because it feeds both on mite prey and on wind-borne pollen grains that are continually being deposited on leaf surfaces.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%