Insecticidal activity and biodegradation of the toxin from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki bound to humic acids from soil

Crecchio, Carmine; Stotzky, G.

doi:10.1016/s0038-0717(97)00147-8

Cited by 198 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Soils containing M have a better buffering capacity against changes in pH than soils without M [58,69]. These and previous studies confirmed that Bt toxins bound on clays or other surface-active particles [61,63,64,70] could accumulate in soil and retain insecticidal activity. These results have importance when evaluating the potential risks associated with the release to the environment of transgenic plants and bacteria containing genes from subspecies of Bt that encode for active toxins.…”

Section: Adsorption and Binding Of Purified Bt Toxins On Clay Mineralsupporting

confidence: 66%

Fate and Effects in Soil of Cry Proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis: Influence of Physicochemical and Biological Characteristics of Soil

Saxena¹,

Pushalkar

Stotzky³

2013

TOTNJ

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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a useful alternative or supplement to synthetic chemical pesticides in agriculture, forest management, and control of mosquitoes and some other biting insects. When modified Bt cry genes are inserted into a plant species (e.g., corn, cotton, potato, canola, rice), the plant expresses active larvicidal proteins in its tissues. The toxins continue to be synthesized during growth of the plants, making the plant toxic to various insect pests throughout their life or as biomass incorporated into soil. If production exceeds consumption, inactivation, and degradation, the toxins could accumulate to concentrations that may enhance the control of target pests or constitute a hazard to nontarget organisms, such as the soil microbiota, beneficial insects (e.g., pollinators, predators and parasites of insect pests), and other animal classes. The accumulation and persistence of the toxins could also result in the selection and enrichment of toxin-resistant target insects. Persistence is enhanced when the toxins are bound on surface-active particles in the environment (e.g., clays and humic substances) and, thereby, rendered more resistant to biodegradation while retaining toxic activity. Moreover, major problem we face today is of "Molecular pharming" that utilizes transgenic plants and animals for production of pharmaceuticals and chemicals for their use in human beings and industries respectively. Their release to the environment, especially to soil and potentially to waters of the pharmaceutical and industrial products of transgenic plant and animal "pharms" could pose a hazard to the environment. In contrast to the products of most transgenic plants currently available commercially (e.g., the insecticidal proteins from subspecies of Bt) that primarily target insects and other pests. These "pharms" are being genetically engineered to express products for use primarily in human beings. Consequently, these products constitute a class of compounds that is seldom found in natural habitats and that primarily target "higher level" eukaryotes. Hence, they are xenobiotics with respect to the environment, and their persistence in and effects on the environment have not been adequately studied and sober risk assessments on a case-bycase basis must be made before major releases of such transgenic organisms.

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Section: Adsorption and Binding Of Purified Bt Toxins On Clay Mineralsupporting

confidence: 66%

Fate and Effects in Soil of Cry Proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis: Influence of Physicochemical and Biological Characteristics of Soil

Saxena¹,

Pushalkar

Stotzky³

2013

TOTNJ

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“…First, physicochemical conditions and sediment composition must be favourable to avoid the complete degradation of DNA. In Lake Anterne, sediment compounds, such as clays, sands, humic substances and organomineral complexes, that allow DNA adsorbance, together with cold temperature and periodic anoxic conditions on the lake bottom (see Methods), are likely to have favoured DNA preservation [28][29][30] . Moreover, DNA was present in all samples, even the oldest, suggesting that the DNA was sufficiently preserved to successfully reconstruct the presence of the taxa of interest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long livestock farming history and human landscape shaping revealed by lake sediment DNA

et al. 2014

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The reconstruction of human-driven, Earth-shaping dynamics is important for understanding past human/environment interactions and for helping human societies that currently face global changes. However, it is often challenging to distinguish the effects of the climate from human activities on environmental changes. Here we evaluate an approach based on DNA metabarcoding used on lake sediments to provide the first high-resolution reconstruction of plant cover and livestock farming history since the Neolithic Period. By comparing these data with a previous reconstruction of erosive event frequency, we show that the most intense erosion period was caused by deforestation and overgrazing by sheep and cowherds during the Late Iron Age and Roman Period. Tracking plants and domestic mammals using lake sediment DNA (lake sedDNA) is a new, promising method for tracing past human practices, and it provides a new outlook of the effects of anthropogenic factors on landscape-scale changes.

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“…Cry1Ab can be introduced into agricultural soils through root exudates (32,33) and from maize biomass (34), with the exuded and leached protein persisting for up to 180 d and 3 y, respectively (34,35). Cry1Ab protein binds strongly to surface soils containing clay minerals, humic acids, and organomineral complexes (36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42), and it has the potential to enter adjacent streams through surface runoff and erosion. Our results from tile drains indicate that tiles may be a mechanism by which Cry1Ab leached from detritus on fields or from soils can be transported to streams.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of maize detritus and a transgenic insecticidal protein (Cry1Ab) within the stream network of an agricultural landscape

Tank

Rosi‐Marshall

Royer

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

101

114

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Widespread planting of maize throughout the agricultural Midwest may result in detritus entering adjacent stream ecosystems, and 63% of the 2009 US maize crop was genetically modified to express insecticidal Cry proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis. Six months after harvest, we conducted a synoptic survey of 217 stream sites in Indiana to determine the extent of maize detritus and presence of Cry1Ab protein in the stream network. We found that 86% of stream sites contained maize leaves, cobs, husks, and/or stalks in the active stream channel. We also detected Cry1Ab protein in stream-channel maize at 13% of sites and in the water column at 23% of sites. We found that 82% of stream sites were adjacent to maize fields, and Geographical Information Systems analyses indicated that 100% of sites containing Cry1Ab-positive detritus in the active stream channel had maize planted within 500 m during the previous crop year. Maize detritus likely enters streams throughout the Corn Belt; using US Department of Agriculture land cover data, we estimate that 91% of the 256,446 km of streams/rivers in Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana are located within 500 m of a maize field. Maize detritus is common in lowgradient stream channels in northwestern Indiana, and Cry1Ab proteins persist in maize leaves and can be measured in the water column even 6 mo after harvest. Hence, maize detritus, and associated Cry1Ab proteins, are widely distributed and persistent in the headwater streams of a Corn Belt landscape.genetically modified crops | crop detritus | ELISA | rivers

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Insecticidal activity and biodegradation of the toxin from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki bound to humic acids from soil

Cited by 198 publications

References 18 publications

Fate and Effects in Soil of Cry Proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis: Influence of Physicochemical and Biological Characteristics of Soil

Fate and Effects in Soil of Cry Proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis: Influence of Physicochemical and Biological Characteristics of Soil

Long livestock farming history and human landscape shaping revealed by lake sediment DNA

Occurrence of maize detritus and a transgenic insecticidal protein (Cry1Ab) within the stream network of an agricultural landscape

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