Insecticidal activity of the essential oil from fruits and seeds of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi against African malaria vectors

Abstract

BackgroundAlternative insecticides for the control of malaria and filarial vectors are of paramount need as resistance is increasing among classes of insecticides currently in use in the public health sector. In this study, mosquitocidal activity of Schinus terebinthifolia essential oil against Anopheles gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus was assessed in laboratory, semi- field and full- field conditionsMethodTwenty third instar larvae of both Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Cx. quinquefasciatus were exposed to different dosages of plant extract in both laboratory and semi- field environments. Observation of the mortality response was assessed at intervals of 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Adult semi- gravid female mosquitoes were exposed to papers treated with S. terebinthifolia and compared with WHO standard paper treated with alphacypermethrin (0.05%).ResultsGas chromatography, coupled to mass spectrometry, identified 15 compounds from S. terebinthifolia extracts, the most abundant identified compound was δ-3-carene (55.36%) and the least was γ-elemene (0.41%). The density of the oil was found to be 0.8086 g/ml. The effective dosages in the insectary ranged from 202.15 to 2625.20 ppm and were further evaluated in the semi- field situation. In the laboratory, the mortality of Cx. quinquefasciatus ranged from 0.5 to 96.75% while for An. gambiae s.s it was from 13.75 to 97.91%. In the semi- field experiments, the mortality rates observed varied for both species with time and concentrations. The LC50 and LC95 value in the laboratory was similar for both species while in the semi- field they were different for each. In wild, adult mosquitoes, the KT50 for S. terebinthifolia was 11.29 minutes while for alphacypermethrin was 19.34 minutes. The 24 hour mortality was found to be 100.0% for S. terebinthifolia and 75.0% for alphacypermethrin which was statistically significant (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe efficacy shown by essential oils of fruits and seeds of S. terebinthifolia has given an opportunity for further investigation of individual components of these plant extracts and to evaluate them in small- scale field trials.

Medicinal Properties of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids in Cannabis, and Benefits in Migraine, Headache, and Pain: An Update on Current Evidence and Cannabis Science

“…Delta‐3‐carene (δ‐3‐carene) can be found in cedar, basil, pine, rosemary, and bell pepper, has shown anti‐inflammatory effects, and is known to dry out excess body fluids such as tears and mucus (well‐known cannabis side effects of dry mouth and red eyes). It promotes bone growth and repair, and has insecticidal and repellent qualities …”

Compositional analysis and toxicity of four plant essential oils to different stages of Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

“…Therefore, researchers must find alternative methods that are natural, inexpensive and environmentally friendly (Klein, 1976;Majumder et al, 2005). Therefore, some plants may be used as insecticidal, larvicidal and repellent agents (Rajashekar et al, 2010;Shahi et al, 2010;Ahmad et al, 2011;Kweka et al, 2011).…”

Construction of the 1,2-Dialkenylcyclohexane Framework via Ireland-Claisen Rearrangement and Intramolecular Barbier Reaction: Application to the Synthesis of (±)-Geijerone and a Diastereoisomeric Mixture with Its 5-Epimer

“…The formation of preferential configuration of the (E)-silyl enol ether could help to rationalize the possible six-membered, acyclically advantage chair-like transition state. Further the [3,3] [30]. Thus, by using this protocol, we closely investigated the application of several Lewis acid catalysts to optimize the Claisen-Ireland rearrangement, and the results were summarized in Table 1.…”

“…anti-1,2-dialkenylcyclohexane skeleton (Figure 1), and exist in various essential oils [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. These compounds or their racemic mixtures have been shown to inhibit tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo [10][11][12][13][14][15].…”