Insecticide-induced responses in an old field ecosystem: Persistence of diazinon in the soil

Malone, Charles R.; Winnett, A. G.; Helrich, Kenneth

doi:10.1007/bf01684148

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Diazinon is a short-lived (Malone et al 1967), wide-spectrum (Mulla 1965, Harris andMazurek 1966) organophosphate insecticide. It was selected for use in insecticide studies at Rutgers University (Malone et al 1967) due to its future potential for agricultural usage and because it was believed that a single, moderately heavy application of a shortlived insecticide would induce responses characteristic of contaminated ecosystems yet permit the ecosystem to recover fairly rapidly.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticide Effects on Early Succession in an Old Field Ecosystem

Shure

1971

Ecology

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An ecosystem approach was used to assess the effects of soil contamination with an organophosphate insecticide on ecological succession in 3—acre old field on the Piedmont of New Jersey. Diazinon was applied to one—half of the field in May 1967 and again in May 1967 and again in May 1968 at a rate of 12 lbs of active ingredient per acre. A latin square experimental design was used to analyze the effects of the insecticide on the density, diversity, and production of vegetation; the density and diversity of herb—stratum arthropods; and the trophic relationships that developed on treated and untreated areas. In 1967, insecticide contamination produced a significant enrichment in both density and diversity of vegetation as well as a consistent trend toward greater plant biomass on treated areas. The vegetation changes represented a summation of small but consistent differences in major producers common to both treated and untreated areas. Plant differences were believed due to a phytotoxic effect of diazinon on Convolvulus sepium, which was significantly reduced on treated areas. Other plant species normally inhibited by Convolvulus subsequently flourished on treated areas. Herb—stratum arthropod populations were similar on treated and untreated areas in 1967, despite the vegetation differences. Only a trend toward greater insect diversity on treated areas was present. The failure of indirect arthropod differences to develop was due to the similar availability of dominant producers and thus food web bases on treated and untreated areas. Radionuclide tracer studies indicated that ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) was the major food web base for resident consumers in the latter part of the growing season. The trophic transfer from ragweed was quite similar in treated and untreated areas. The lack of arthropod differences was thus attributed to similar availability of ragweed biomass in both areas. Vegetation differences were absent in 1968 following a second treatment with diazinon. Moisture appeared to be a major factor influencing the impart of the insecticide during the two summers. Vegetation differences developed in June 1967 at a time when rainfall was almost absent. In 1968, however, considerable rainfall occurred during the same period. The increased rainfall stimulated a greater seedling development than in 1967, thus apparently overcoming the effects of the insecticide. Environmental factors such as soil moisture can therefore interact with pollutants and seriously influence the degree of ecosystem modification.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticide Effects on Early Succession in an Old Field Ecosystem

Shure

1971

Ecology

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“…Community studies have traditionally been descriptive (Golley 1965, Whittaker 1965, McNaughton 1968, Vogl 1969. A few experimental studies have attempted to deal with the relationship between diversity and stability in community ecosystems (Hairston et al 1968, Flaherty 1969, and some researchers have examined the influence of various types of stress on the structure and function of communities (Crossley and Howden 1961, Malone et al 1967, Barrett 1968, Daniel and Platt 1968, Malone 1969, Anderson 1970, Dunn 1970, Ewing and Dorris 1970, Bulan and Barrett 1971, Hall et al 1971, Hanes 1971, Shure 1971. Rosensweig (1971) has discussed theoretically some problems involved with ecosystem enrichment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability in Relation to Nutrient Enrichment in Arthropod Consumers of Old‐Field Successional Ecosystems

Hurd¹,

Wolf²

1974

Ecological Monographs

123

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Two adjacent, abandoned hayfields in central New York State were subjected to nutrient enrichment perturbation by means of a single application of 10-10-10 N, P, K fertilizer early in the growing season of 1970. Aboveground arthropod herbivores and carnivores were monitored with respect to net productivity (dB/dt) and diversity for one growing season (1970) in the younger field (6 yr old), and for two growing seasons (1970 and 1971) in the older field (17 and 18 yr old). Sampling of arthropods was done with a gasolinepowered suction sampler between 1200 and 1600 h, twice weekly.Stability of the old-field arthropods was defined as resistance to change imposed by external (fertilizer) perturbation and was measured in terms of (1) magnitude (amplitude of deflection from ground state, (2) rate of initial response to perturbation, and (3) rate of damping or return to ground state. The degree of deflection from ground state was determined by comparing fertilized (treated) plots with unfertilized (control) plots in each field.During the first growing season the older, more species-rich field was less stable with respect to magnitude and rate of productivity deflection than the younger, less species-rich field at both arthropod consumer levels. In addition, the magnitude of productivity deflection from ground state was lower in the carnivore level than in the herbivore trophic level.By the second growing season, the productivity of the arthropod consumers in the treated plots of the older field had not yet returned to control levels. The productivity of arthropod herbivores in the older field exhibited a relatively lower magnitude of response in 1971 than in 1970, while the arthropod carnivores in the older field exhibited a significantly greater difference from ground state in 1971 than in 1970.It was concluded that ( 1) the magnitude of deflection caused by the enrichment perturbation was decreased up the trophic levels from the herbivore to the carnivore level, (2) the rate of response to perturbation decreased up the trophic levels, and (3) although in control plots diversity increased and productivity decreased with increasing successional age for both trophic levels, stability was not positively related to either higher diversity or to increasing age in either consumer trophic level in this old-field successional ecosystem.

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“…The results of the experiment with diazinon (Table 3) indicated that after 3 weeks, 47% ofthe applied label remained in the form of the parent compound, 22% had been metabolized and lost as 14C0 2 , 1%had leached through the soil profile, 2% had been lost through vol atilization and 28% remained in the soil as a diazinon metabolite or in unextractable compounds. The half life of diazinon in soil has been reported by a number of authors (3,5,6,9,11) to be between 7 and 56 days depending on conditions of the experiment. Our re sults using the microecosystem fall within the range of previously published results.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Microecosystem for Fertilizer and Pesticide Fate Research¹

Branham¹,

Wehner²,

Torello³

et al. 1985

Agronomy Journal

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A microecosystem was designed to study the behavior of pesticides, fertilizers, or related compounds applied to plant stands. The system consists of three parts: a brass base that holds the plant growth media, a glass atmospheric chamber that rests on the base, and a set of analytical traps. The brass base is fitted with a porous ceramic plate so that tension can be applied to the water in the growing media. Air enters the bottom of the glass atmospheric chamber and exits through the top into appropriate trapping systems to recover volatilized pesticides, ammonia, or metabolized I'CO l from labeled compounds. A port at the base of the chamber allows collection of leachate. The microecosystem was evaluated by applying N sources or a pesticide to intact turfgrass profiles and monitoring the fate of the applied compound. Leaching and volatilization losses of N ranged from 0 to 17% and 0.1 to 17% of the applied N, respectively, de· pending on N source, soil conditions, and whether tension was ap plied to the base of the system. Three weeks after the application of radiolabeled diazinon [0,O-diethyl-0-(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6 primidinyl) phosphorothiote} to a turf, 47% of the label remained In the form of the parent compound, 22% had been metabolized and lost as 14C0 2 , 1% had leached through the profile, 2% had been lost through volatilization, and 28% remained in the soil as a metabolite or in unextractable compounds. The microecosystem has proven to be an invaluable tool for turfgrass research and should be useful for fertilizer and pesticide fate studies with other crops. M ICROECOSYSTEMS are useful tools for studying the fate of pesticides, fertilizer elements, or related compounds applied to plant stands. The advantages of using these systems over field studies are that they are closed, allowing for total accountability of a com pound and its metabolites and they facilitate studies with radioactive Of potentially toxic materials. Additional index words:The first microecosystem designed to follow the movement ofpesticides and metabolites through a food chain was developed by Metcalf et al. (10), and con sisted of an aquatic-terrestrial system. Cole et al. (4) I This study was part of Project nos. 65-356 and 32-325 of the Agric. Exp. Stn., College of Agriculture, Univ.

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Insecticide-induced responses in an old field ecosystem: Persistence of diazinon in the soil

Cited by 12 publications

References 4 publications

Insecticide Effects on Early Succession in an Old Field Ecosystem

Insecticide Effects on Early Succession in an Old Field Ecosystem

Stability in Relation to Nutrient Enrichment in Arthropod Consumers of Old‐Field Successional Ecosystems

A Microecosystem for Fertilizer and Pesticide Fate Research¹

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Insecticide-induced responses in an old field ecosystem: Persistence of diazinon in the soil

Cited by 12 publications

References 4 publications

Insecticide Effects on Early Succession in an Old Field Ecosystem

Insecticide Effects on Early Succession in an Old Field Ecosystem

Stability in Relation to Nutrient Enrichment in Arthropod Consumers of Old‐Field Successional Ecosystems

A Microecosystem for Fertilizer and Pesticide Fate Research1

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Product

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A Microecosystem for Fertilizer and Pesticide Fate Research¹