Insecticide resistance in malaria and arbovirus vectors in Papua New Guinea, 2017–2022

Katusele, Michelle; Lagur, Solomon; Endersby‐Harshman, Nancy M.; Demok, Samuel; Goi, Joelyn; Vincent, Naomi; Sakur, Muker; Dau, Absalom; Kilepak, Lemen; Gideon, Stephen; Pombreaw, Christine; Makita, Leo; Hoffmann, Ary A.; Robinson, Leanne J.; Laman, Moses; Karl, Stephan

doi:10.1186/s13071-022-05493-3

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Similarly, no mutations at codon 1534 were found in Ae . albopictus in Papua New Guinea by Demok et al (2019) , but sampling in subsequent years revealed the F1534C mutation in 3 widely separated provinces ( Katusele et al 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and distribution of sodium channel mutations inAedes albopictus(Diptera: Culicidae)

Endersby-Harshman,

Schmidt,

Hoffmann

2024

Journal of Medical Entomology

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There is growing interest in insecticide resistance in the mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), as its potential for spreading diseases is increasing as urbanization and control efforts intensify. Here we review the presence and diversity of mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc) gene associated with pyrethroid resistance and report on additional surveys of these mutations in new populations with an analysis of their spread. The known diversity of these mutations has increased in recent years including the identification of 26 non-synonymous mutations, although phenotypic data associating mutations with resistance remain limited. We provide data on mutations in several new locations including those in Timor Leste, Indonesia, and Vanuatu. We use population genomic data from ddRAD analyses of target populations with the 1534C mutation to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the mutant to test for clustering of SNPs based on the presence of the 1534C mutation rather than population origin. Our findings suggest spread of resistance alleles via genetic invasion, which is further supported by patterns from a genome-wide principal components analysis. These data point to movement of resistance alleles across wide areas with likely impacts on local control options.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and distribution of sodium channel mutations inAedes albopictus(Diptera: Culicidae)

Endersby-Harshman,

Schmidt,

Hoffmann

2024

Journal of Medical Entomology

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“…Yahe is a polyester net coated with deltamethrin with the same speci cations as Permanet 2.0®. Given that there is no pyrethroid resistance in the PNG Anopheles populations [4], it was an appropriate choice for the PNG NMCP. Yahe only received a time-limited interim recommendation by the former WHO Pesticides Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) in 2015 [5], due to concerns surrounding the high degree of variability in insecticide content within and between nets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insufficient duration of insecticidal efficacy of Yahe insecticide-treated nets in Papua New Guinea

Bubun,

Anetul,

Koinari

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background:Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are the backbone of antimalarial vector control in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Over recent years it was recognised that the quality and performance of ITNs has been decreasing, which is likely contributing to the stagnation in the malaria control effort in PNG. Here, we present results from the first 24 months of a durability study with the ITN product Yahe LN® in PNG. Methods: The durability study was conducted in four villages on the northern coast of PNG, in an area with high malaria transmission, following WHO-recommended methodologies adapted to the local scenario. A cohort of individually identifiable Yahe ITNs were distributed by the PNG National Malaria Control Program from October to December 2021. Insecticidal efficacy of the ITNs was tested using cone bioassays at baseline and at 6 months intervals, alongside evaluation of physical integrity and the proportion of ITNs lost to follow-up. Questionnaires were used to collect information on ITN end user behaviour such as the frequency of use and washing. Results: We observed gradual uptake and replacement of previous campaign nets by the communities such that at 6 months 45% of all newly distributed nets were in use in their designated households. Insecticidal efficacy of the Yahe nets, expressed as the percent 24h mortality of fully pyrethroid susceptible colony mosquitoes, decreased from 91% to 45% within the first 6 months of distribution, even though >90% of study nets had never been washed. Insecticidal efficacy decreased further to <20% at 24 months. ITNs accumulated physical damage (holes) at a rate similar to previous studies, and 35% were classified as too torn by 24 months. ITNs were lost to follow-up such that 61% of campaign nets were still present at 24 months. Wash resistance assays indicated rapid reduction in insecticidal performance with each consecutive wash such that 24h mortality was below 20% after 10 washes. Discussion and Conclusion: Yahe ITNs are not performing as per label claim in an area with fully pyrethroid susceptible vectors and should be investigated more widely and in other settings. The mass distribution of low and variable quality ITN products is one of the major ongoing challenges for global malaria control in the last decade.

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“…Yahe is a polyester net coated with deltamethrin, and with a similar active ingredient content as PermaNet 2.0 ® . Given that no pyrethroid resistance has so far been detected in the PNG Anopheles populations [ 4 ], which mainly belong to the Anopheles punculatus species complex, Yahe was an appropriate choice for the PNG NMCP and the donor at the time. Yahe received a time-limited interim recommendation by the former WHO Pesticides Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) in 2015 [ 5 ], due to concerns surrounding the high degree of variability in insecticide content within and between nets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insufficient duration of insecticidal efficacy of Yahe® insecticide-treated nets in Papua New Guinea

Bubun,

Anetul,

Koinari

et al. 2024

Malar J

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Background Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are the backbone of anti-malarial vector control in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Over recent years the quality and performance of ITNs delivered to PNG decreased, which has likely contributed to the stagnation in the malaria control effort in the country. The present study reports results from the first 24 months of a durability study with the ITN product Yahe LN® in PNG. Methods The durability study was conducted in four villages on the northern coast of PNG, in an area with high malaria parasite transmission, following WHO-recommended methodology adapted to the local scenario. A cohort of n = 500 individually identifiable Yahe® ITNs was distributed by the PNG National Malaria Control Programme from October to December 2021. Insecticidal efficacy of the ITNs was tested using cone bioassays with fully pyrethroid susceptible Anopheles farauti colony mosquitoes at baseline and at 6 months intervals, alongside evaluation of physical integrity and the proportion of ITNs lost to follow-up. A questionnaire was used to collect information on ITN end user behaviour, such as the frequency of use and washing. The observations from the durability study were augmented with simulated laboratory wash assays. Results Gradual uptake and replacement of previous campaign nets by the communities was observed, such that at 6 months 45% of all newly distributed nets were in use in their designated households. Insecticidal efficacy of the Yahe® nets, expressed as the percent 24 h mortality in cone bioassays decreased from 91 to 45% within the first 6 months of distribution, even though > 90% of study nets had never been washed. Insecticidal efficacy decreased further to < 20% after 24 months. ITNs accumulated physical damage (holes) at a rate similar to previous studies, and 35% were classified as ‘too torn’ by proportional hole index after 24 months. ITNs were lost to follow-up such that 61% of cohort nets were still present after 24 months. Laboratory wash assays indicated a rapid reduction in insecticidal performance with each consecutive wash such that average 24 h mortality was below 20% after 10 washes. Conclusion Yahe® ITNs are not performing as per label claim in an area with fully pyrethroid susceptible vectors, and should be investigated more comprehensively and in other settings for compliance with currently recommended durability and efficacy thresholds. The mass distribution of low quality ITN products with variable performance is one of the major ongoing challenges for global malaria control in the last decade.

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Insecticide resistance in malaria and arbovirus vectors in Papua New Guinea, 2017–2022

Cited by 10 publications

References 38 publications

Diversity and distribution of sodium channel mutations inAedes albopictus(Diptera: Culicidae)

Diversity and distribution of sodium channel mutations inAedes albopictus(Diptera: Culicidae)

Insufficient duration of insecticidal efficacy of Yahe insecticide-treated nets in Papua New Guinea

Insufficient duration of insecticidal efficacy of Yahe® insecticide-treated nets in Papua New Guinea

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