Insecticide Susceptibility in Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Metabolic Characterization of Resistance to Diazinon

Abstract

The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a globally important economic insect pest of tomatoes that has rapidly expanded in range. The pest is generally controlled by insecticides; however, reduced susceptibility of T. absoluta to many recommended insecticides has been reported. The aims of this study were to determine the efficacy of diazinon, spinosad, abamectin, and Bt on second instar larvae of Iranian greenhouse populations of T. absoluta from Soufian (SF) and Qom (QM) and a susceptible (SS) population originally from Bonab, and assess the possibility of resistance in the populations. The results showed that spinosad was the most effective insecticide, whereas in contrast, Bt was ineffective against the populations. Abamectin was effective, but susceptibility in SF population was lower than in QM and SS. Susceptibility to diazinon was low in SF and QM populations. Mediation of diazinon resistance by metabolic mechanisms and activity of detoxifying enzymes and acetylcholinesterase on resistance were assessed. The results showed that enhanced activity of monooxygenases and esterases may have played a role in resistance of T. absoluta to diazinon. Our results will be useful in resistance management in this injurious pest and reduce the negative impacts of high rates of insecticide use on the environment.

Insecticide susceptibility level and control failure likelihood estimation of Sub‐Saharan African populations of tomato leafminer: Evidence from Burkina Faso

“…Spinosad and abamectin show low LC50 values (<0.60 mg/L) and high slope values (>1.0). Similar LC50 values were obtained for abamectin in Turkey and Brazil (Siqueira et al, 2001;Silva et al, 2011Silva et al, , 2016bKonuş, 2014;Barati et al, 2018) and for spinosad in Iran, Greece, Spain, Brazil, and Turkey (Campos et al, 2015a;Yalçin et al, 2015;Silva et al, 2016a;Roditakis et al, 2017aRoditakis et al, , 2018Barati et al, 2018). The relatively lower expression of resistance against abamectin could be explained by the fact that this product is used at lower doses in the field, is typically used to control mites and is more rapidly degraded in the environment with low bioaccumulation (Clark et al, 1995).…”

“…The microbial-based insecticide B. thuringiensis was reported efficient in the North of the African continent, especially in Egypt and Tunisia (Kaouthar et al, 2011;El-Aassar et al, 2015). The same range of LC50 values were associated with Bt-sensitive populations in Iran and Brazil (Silva et al, 2011;Barati et al, 2018). But multiple insect species, including T. absoluta, have developed a resistance to B. thuringiensis, especially Lepidopterans, thanks to a mutation in the membrane transporter ABCC2 (Moore, 1983;Baxter et al, 2011).…”

“…T. absoluta would mainly use two types of mechanisms to develop resistance to pesticides. The first one involves detoxifying enzymes, including esterases and monooxygenases, dependent on cytochrome P450 (Siqueira et al, 2000, 2001; Reyes et al, 2012; Campos et al, 2015a, b; Karaağaç, 2015; Silva et al, 2015; Barati et al, 2018; Zibaee et al, 2018). The second mechanism involves mutations in the pest genome (Haddi et al, 2012, 2017; Silva et al, 2015, 2016a; Berger et al, 2016; Douris et al, 2017; Roditakis et al, 2017a, b; Zibaee et al, 2018; Grant et al, 2019; Moradi et al, 2019).…”

Integration of resistant variety and biological agent to control tomato leaf miner,Tuta absoluta(Meyrick), under greenhouse conditions

“…(2012), T. absoluta control in Argentina and Italy is mostly based on the use of synthetic insecticides which are applied weekly. This intensive use of insecticides, in addition to producing adverse effects on human health and environment, has led to the development of resistance in the pest populations of South America (Lietti et al ., 2005; Luna et al ., 2012), Europe (Luna et al ., 2012; Grant et al ., 2019) and Asia (Barati et al ., 2018; Han et al ., 2018). Therefore an integrated pest management package based on the economically viable and environmentally safe methods is required to control T. absoluta .…”

“…The management of T. absoluta in many countries is primarily based on the chemical control. However, the use of insecticides is not a sustainable method for this pest because their efficacy has gradually decreased and resistance development has been reported in many countries (Lietti et al ., 2005; Luna et al ., 2012; Barati et al ., 2018; Grant et al ., 2019).…”