INSIDE THE BLACK BOX, WITH APOLOGIES TO PANDORA. A REVIEW OF ULRIC NEISSER'S COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY<sup>1</sup>

Salzinger, Kurt

doi:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-369

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Structural concerns have played central roles in behavioral analyses of language (Skinner, 1957;Catania, 1972;Salzinger, 1973). These concerns with structure in language admittedly have been on a more programmatic and philosophical than empirical level, but behaviorally oriented empirical studies of language reasonably can be expected to appear more frequently in the future (Premack, 1971).…”

Section: Two Different Treatments Of Structure In the Fundamental Unimentioning

confidence: 99%

ORGANIZATION IN MEMORY AND BEHAVIOR¹

Shimp

1976

J Exper Analysis Behavior

183

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Some common reinforcement contingencies make the delivery of a reinforcer depend on the occurrence of behavior lacking significant temporal structure: a reinforcer may be contingent on nearly instantaneous responses such as a pigeon's key peck, a rat's lever press, a human's button press or brief verbal utterance, and so on. Such a reinforcement contingency conforms much more closely to the functionalist tradition in experimental psychology than to the structuralist tradition. Until recently, the functionalist tradition, in the form of a kind of associationism, typified most research on human learning and memory. Recently, however, research on human memory has focused more on structural issues: now the basic unit of analysis often involves an organized temporal pattern of behavior. A focus on the interrelations between the function and structure of behavior identifies a set of independent and dependent variables different froin those identified by certain common kinds of "molar" behavioral analyses. In so doing, such a focus redefines some of the significant issues in the experimental analysis of behavior.

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Section: Two Different Treatments Of Structure In the Fundamental Unimentioning

confidence: 99%

ORGANIZATION IN MEMORY AND BEHAVIOR¹

Shimp

1976

J Exper Analysis Behavior

183

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“…In addition, the present procedure examined supraordinate control over conditional discriminations. Each new operational unit of analysis of this type of control furthers Salzinger's (1973) contention that the behavior domains, traditionally considered only within a cognitive framework, such as memory, are well within the scope of an experimental analysis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The acquisition of trace supraordinate stimulus control in pigeons

Meehan

1979

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Match-to-sample and oddity-from-sample problems with four colors were acquired by two pigeons under the supraordinate control of a line tilt superimposed on samples. Since the supraordinate stimulus terminated before the comparison stimuli were presented, accurate matching and oddity performance indicated trace stimulus control as well. The temporal extent of trace control was assessed in one subject by presenting probes-trials without a line tilt on the sample-in which the basis of correct responding was the supraordinate stimulus presented on the previous trial. Trace supraordinate control did not extend between trials. Subsequently, the delay between the termination of the supraordinate stimulus and the presentation of the comparison stimuli was gradually increased within a trial. Both subjects were able to perform matching and oddity over longer delays, and eventually on probe trials, although accuracy decreased. Results were discussed in terms of instructional stimulus control and memory. Instructional stimuli have two general properties:(1) to control responding over a range of discrimination problems, that is, to exert supraordinate control (Reynolds, 1968) and (2) to continue to exert control beyond the stimulus duration, which is called trace control. Stimuli in match-to-sample and oddity-fromsample procedures combine elements of both properties and permit the investigation of instructional stimulus control (Cumming & Berryman, 1961).Supraordinate control or higher order conditional stimulus control (Nevin, 1973) deals with classes of stimulus-response relationships. Matching can serve as a class of stimulus-response relationships, indicating supraordinate control over a range of problems, e.g., matching colors. Supraordinate stimulus control was studied by Nevin and Liebold (1966), who trained pigeons to perform match-to-sample using red and green stimuli when a yellow light above the response keys was illuminated and to perform oddity-from-sample when it was off. The yellow light exerted supraordinate control over problems when the center key was either red or green. If a stimulus terminates before the opportunity to respond, then the procedure involves trace stimulus control. Delayed match-to-sample (Blough, 1959) examines the trace aspect of the sample's control by delaying the onset of the comparison stimuli until after the termination of the sample. If the sample continues to exert control beyond its duration, then trace stimulus control is indicated.The present study investigated the acquisition of instructional stimulus control in pigeons. This was accomplished by establishing a supraordinate stimulus dimension that controlled matching and oddity but which was not present during the choice of comparison (O-see delay). An attempt was made to modify the extent of the trace control by titrating the delay interval between the offset of the supraordinate stimulus and the opportunity to respond to the comparison stimuli. Further, if the trace aspect of instructional control extended beyond one trial, i...

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“…In his review of Gardner's (1985) book, Shimp (1989) also pointed out the misrepresentation of behavior analysis and of behaviorism in general, asserting that “behavior analysts may occasionally need to control an urge to fling the book down and dismiss it” (p. 163). Salzinger (1973) started a review of Neisser's (1967) book with a more conciliatory tone, saying that “the research in cognitive psychology is certainly interesting, on the whole well executed, and very challenging. It is well within the scope of a behavioristic approach.…”

Section: Reactions From the Behaviorist Sidementioning

confidence: 99%

On Behaviorism in the Cognitive Revolution: Myth and Reactions

Watrin

Darwich

2012

Review of General Psychology

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For a long time, psychology was a discipline devoted to the study of mind. Behaviorism represented a rupture in that tradition, redefining psychology as the study of behavior. The rupture, however, would not have been everlasting. When the cognitive revolution broke out in the 1950s, the study of mental life was renewed in the form of cognitivism. Since then, it is usually told that the cognitive revolution displaced behaviorism, causing the latter's decline or even its death. Nonetheless, at that same time, behaviorism saw the growth of behavior analysis, which remained until today as a living behaviorist field. This article analyzes how behaviorism is depicted in the story of the cognitive revolution, as well as some of the reactions that portrayal generated within behavior analysis. It is argued that the story of the cognitive revolution affirms the importance of cognitivism and consolidates its historical identity but fosters the movement at the expense of behaviorism's depiction. At the same time, behavior analysts’ reactions often contradict the revolution's story and, consequently, offer an alternative but disarticulated version of history. As a result, each side tells a different story, and the case would be illustrative of how such kind of stories can favor one position while distorting some notions.

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INSIDE THE BLACK BOX, WITH APOLOGIES TO PANDORA. A REVIEW OF ULRIC NEISSER'S COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY¹

Cited by 14 publications

References 35 publications

ORGANIZATION IN MEMORY AND BEHAVIOR¹

ORGANIZATION IN MEMORY AND BEHAVIOR¹

The acquisition of trace supraordinate stimulus control in pigeons

On Behaviorism in the Cognitive Revolution: Myth and Reactions

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INSIDE THE BLACK BOX, WITH APOLOGIES TO PANDORA. A REVIEW OF ULRIC NEISSER'S COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY1

Cited by 14 publications

References 35 publications

ORGANIZATION IN MEMORY AND BEHAVIOR1

ORGANIZATION IN MEMORY AND BEHAVIOR1

The acquisition of trace supraordinate stimulus control in pigeons

On Behaviorism in the Cognitive Revolution: Myth and Reactions

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INSIDE THE BLACK BOX, WITH APOLOGIES TO PANDORA. A REVIEW OF ULRIC NEISSER'S COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY¹

ORGANIZATION IN MEMORY AND BEHAVIOR¹

ORGANIZATION IN MEMORY AND BEHAVIOR¹