Insight on the Energy Storage Mechanism and Kinetic Dynamic of Manganese Oxide‐Based Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Manganese oxide‐based (MO‐based) aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) are of great interest due to their high capacity, low cost, environmental friendliness, and low toxicity. However, to achieve commercialization of MO‐based AZIB, there are some issues mainly focused on cycling stability and capacity decay until now. The complexity of the energy storage mechanism and the physical and chemical properties of the MO itself are both hindering factors. Therefore, this review classifies and summarizes the energy storage mechanisms of MO‐based cathodes and hopes to guide the synthesis of MO‐based materials with excellent energy storage performance. And the kinetic assessment methods involve in the study of the MO‐based AZIB energy storage mechanism are categorized and highlighted. Moreover, the ideas of the current mechanisms mentioned are comprehensively discussed based on the advanced kinetic dynamics analyzing methods. In the last part of the review, a perspective outlook for the subsequent development and direction of MO‐based AZIB is made. This review will provide a guiding light for obtaining a high‐performance, commercially viable MO‐based AZIB.

Insights into the cycling stability of manganese-based zinc-ion batteries: from energy storage mechanisms to capacity fluctuation and optimization strategies

“…To date, α-MnO 2 exhibits one of the most comprehensive electrochemical performances among manganese-based materials and has been extensively studied by researchers. 38,44 T-MnO 2 (todorokite) has large [3 × 3] tunnels with many intercalated metal cations and water molecules, and these guest species can effectively stabilize the tunnel framework and prevent structural collapse. However, although T-MnO 2 possesses a much larger tunnel structure than α-MnO 2 , its practical capacity is much lower than α-MnO 2 , which can be ascribed to the pre-intercalation of too many metal cations and water molecules, reducing the number of potential Zn 2+ insertion sites.…”

“…Meanwhile, a fluctuating capacity has been common observed (including capacity activation process and capacity degradation process) during long-term cycling and its mechanism has not been clearly understood, leading to a lack of robust methods to improve their cycling stability. Although some good reviews have been published on manganese-based ZIBs to guide researchers, 34–43 these reviews mainly focused on optimization strategies for high capacity and fast reaction kinetics, seldomly mentioning the dynamic fluctuation of capacity and lacking a deep comprehension of essential reasons for capacity activation and degradation. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of the capacity fluctuation is urgently needed to guide researchers to design manganese-based ZIBs with stable cycling performances.…”

Probing the Annealing-Induced Phase Evolution of Nanostructured Manganese Oxide Thin Films by X-Ray Diffraction

“…Manganese-based oxides (MnO x ) have gained significant technological interest due to their appealing functional properties and potential applications across various fields. These applications encompass energy storage and conversion, catalysis and photocatalysis, , sensing, environmental engineering, and biomedical engineering. , The abundance of different Mn oxidation states, the phase diversity, and the structural complexity involving layered/tunneled arrangements result in a rich redox activity, well-suited for ion insertion, Li-ion and Zn-based batteries, supercapacitors, , water splitting, oxygen reduction/evolution reactions, , and molecular adsorption . Nonetheless, the functional properties of MnO x are strongly correlated with the materials’ micro/nanostructure, morphology, crystallinity, and phase, which in turn depend on the synthesis conditions .…”