Insightful Electric Vehicle Utility Grid Aggregator Methodology Based on the G2V and V2G Technologies in Egypt

Abstract

Due to the exponential expansion of the global fleet of electric vehicles (EVs) in the utility grid, the vehicle-to-grid paradigm is gaining more attention to alleviate the pressure on the grid. Therefore, an EV aggregator acts as a resilient load to enhance the power deficiency in the electrical grid. This paper proposes the vital development of a central aggregator to optimize the hierarchical bi-directional technique throughout the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) technologies. This study was implemented using three different types of EVs that are assumed to penetrate the utility grid throughout the day in an organized pattern. The aggregator determines the number of EVs that would participate in the electric power trade during the day and sets the charging/discharging capacity level for each EV. In addition, the proposed model minimized the battery degradation cost while maximizing the revenue of the EV owner using the V2G technology and ensuring a sufficient grid peak load demand shaving based on the genetic algorithm (GA). Three case studies were investigated based on the parking interval time where the battery degradation cost was minimized to reach approx. 82.04%. However, the revenue of the EV owner increased when the battery degradation cost was ignored. In addition, the load demand decreased by 26.5%. The implemented methodology ensured an effective grid stabilization service by shaving the load demand to identify the average required power throughout the day. The efficiency of the proposed methodology is ensured since our output findings were in good agreement with the literature survey.

Heterogeneous Communication Network Architecture for the Management of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: Multi-Aggregator Management in Microgrids with High Photovoltaic Variability Based on Multiple Solar Radiation Sensors

“…A strategy identified as an effective means to mitigate the fluctuations in voltage and power levels that arise from the variability of PV solar resources involves leveraging EV aggregator systems. These systems coordinate the implementation of the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) concept to rectify the variations observed within the system [ 22 ]. Within the scope of this study, it was hypothesized that such an aggregator should be able to account for changes in the availability of PV solar resources attributed to cloud movements over a specific area.…”

A mat‐heuristics approach for electric vehicle route optimization under multiple recharging options and time‐of‐use energy prices

“…Moreover, several other applications of designing a proper recharging infrastructure are also observed while encouraging effective routing plans of EVs. 36,42,43 According to the literature evaluations (refer to Table 2), EV long recharging time and energy pricing are still a significant concern for the EVRPTW&MC-ToU. It has been realized that providing better charging flexibility with diverse charging technology is an alternative way over the traditional charging strategy.…”

“…Narayanan et al 41 analyzed the issue of vehicle routing for an EV fleet with vehicle‐to‐grid and battery switching with the goal of minimizing the total delivery cost. Moreover, several other applications of designing a proper recharging infrastructure are also observed while encouraging effective routing plans of EVs 36,42,43 …”

Mean Field Game-Based Algorithms for Charging in Solar-Powered Parking Lots and Discharging into Homes a Large Population of Heterogeneous Electric Vehicles

“…Thus, in the context of integration with renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaics, BEVs' batteries could store the solar energy available during the day when BEVs are parked [5][6][7] and then restore part of the energy in their batteries into the grid during evening peak-demand hours. Multiple studies worldwide (from Canada, the United States, Brazil, Europe, Asia, and Africa) on the feasibility of these new attributes of BEVs have been discussed in the literature [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”