Insights From Genomics Into Spatial and Temporal Variation in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Byrne, Allison Q.; Voyles, Jamie; Rios-Sotelo, Gabriela; Rosenblum, Erica Bree

doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.05.009

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…The Temperate strain exhibited a better overall performance across a wider thermal breadth, had high growth rates at low temperatures, and was able to grow following a temporary freeze without cryoprotectant. However, to fully explain the severity of chytridiomycosis in these species, we need a better understanding of the diversity of strains of Bd among and within host populations (Byrne et al 2016), the responses to a variety of stable and fluctuating thermal conditions (Raffel et al 2013), and the species-specific host responses to temperature conditions that are important for disease development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity in growth patterns among strains of the lethal fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis across extended thermal optima

et al. 2017

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The thermal sensitivities of organisms regulate a wide range of ecological interactions, including host–parasite dynamics. The effect of temperature on disease ecology can be remarkably complex in disease systems where the hosts are ectothermic and where thermal conditions constrain pathogen reproductive rates. Amphibian chytridiomycosis, caused by the pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is a lethal fungal disease that is influenced by temperature. However, recent temperature studies have produced contradictory findings, suggesting that our current understanding of thermal effects on Bd may be incomplete. We investigated how temperature affects three different Bd strains to evaluate diversity in thermal responses. We quantified growth across the entire thermal range of Bd, and beyond the known thermal limits (T max and T min). Our results show that all Bd strains remained viable and grew following 24 h freeze (−12 °C) and heat shock (28 °C) treatments. Additionally, we found that two Bd strains had higher logistic growth rates (r) and carrying capacities (K) at the upper and lower extremities of the temperature range, and especially in low temperature conditions (2–3 °C). In contrast, a third strain exhibited relatively lower growth rates and carrying capacities at these same thermal extremes. Overall, our results suggest that there is considerable variation among Bd strains in thermal tolerance, and they establish a new thermal sensitivity profile for Bd. More generally, our findings point toward important questions concerning the mechanisms that dictate fungal thermal tolerances and temperature-dependent pathogenesis in other fungal disease systems.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00442-017-3866-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity in growth patterns among strains of the lethal fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis across extended thermal optima

et al. 2017

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“…Fungi are an important concern for conservation, and three particular cases illustrate this. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Longcore, Pessier & Nichols, ; Berger et al, ; Fisher, Garner & Walker, ; Joneson et al, ; Voyles, Rosenblum & Berger, ; Byrne et al, ) and B . salamandrivorans (Gray et al, ; Yap et al, ) are two related chytrid species that cause fatal skin damage to amphibians and are threatening populations globally.…”

Section: Fungi and Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions

2019

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Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts). Throughout this review we use an evolutionary and comparative-genomics perspective to understand fungal ecological diversity. Finally, we highlight the importance of genome-enabled inferences to envision plausible narratives and scenarios for important transitions.

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“…Recent technological advances in genetics, genomics, and transcriptomics have provided a molecular toolkit for understanding host responses to pathogen infection (Byrne et al, 2016; Rosenblum et al, 2010). Molecular techniques such as microarrays and RNAseq are generally used to uncover which genes are being transcribed from DNA into messenger RNA (Kogenaru et al, 2012).…”

Section: Molecular Approaches To Investigate Amphibian Complement and Bdmentioning

confidence: 99%

The amphibian complement system and chytridiomycosis

Rodriguez

Voyles

2020

J Exp Zool Pt A

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Understanding host immune function and ecoimmunology is increasingly important at a time when emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) threaten wildlife. One EID that has emerged and spread widely in recent years is chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which is implicated unprecedented amphibian declines around the world. The impacts of Bd have been severe for many amphibian species, but some populations have exhibited signs of persistence, and even recovery, in some regions. Many mechanisms may underpin this pattern and amphibian immune responses are likely one key component. Although we have made great strides in understanding amphibian immunity, the complement system remains poorly understood. The complement system is a nonspecific, innate immune defense that is known to enhance other immune responses. Complement activation can occur by three different biochemical pathways and result in protective mechanisms, such as inflammation, opsonization, and pathogen lysis, thereby providing protection to the host. We currently lack an understanding of complement pathway activation for chytridiomycosis, but several studies have suggested that it may be a key part of an early and robust immune response that confers host resistance. Here, we review the available research on the complement system in general as well as amphibian complement responses to Bd infection. Additionally, we propose future research directions that will increase our understanding of the amphibian complement system and other immune responses to Bd. Finally, we suggest how a deeper understanding of amphibian immunity could enhance the conservation and management of amphibian species that are threatened by chytridiomycosis.

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Insights From Genomics Into Spatial and Temporal Variation in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Cited by 11 publications

References 86 publications

Diversity in growth patterns among strains of the lethal fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis across extended thermal optima

Diversity in growth patterns among strains of the lethal fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis across extended thermal optima

Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions

The amphibian complement system and chytridiomycosis

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