Insights into Antibody-Mediated Alphavirus Immunity and Vaccine Development Landscape

Torres‐Ruesta, Anthony; Chee, Rhonda Sin‐Ling; Ng, Lisa F. P.

doi:10.3390/microorganisms9050899

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 225 publications

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“…The different vaccine platforms used in the development of candidate CHIKV vaccines are also amenable to vaccines for related alphaviruses 181,286,287 (Table 2). However, uncertainties remain as current vaccine strategies rely primarily on the induction of neutralizing antibodies as a protective mechanism 286 but other immune correlates, including T cell and innate immune responses, should be considered and studied in depth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chikungunya fever

Bartholomeeusen

Daniel²,

LaBeaud

et al. 2023

Nat Rev Dis Primers

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Chikungunya virus is widespread throughout the tropics, where it causes recurrent outbreaks of chikungunya fever. In recent years, outbreaks have afflicted populations in East and Central Africa, South America and Southeast Asia. The virus is transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Chikungunya fever is characterized by severe arthralgia and myalgia that can persist for years and have considerable detrimental effects on health, quality of life and economic productivity. The effects of climate change as well as increased globalization of commerce and travel have led to growth of the habitat of Aedes mosquitoes. As a result, increasing numbers of people will be at risk of chikungunya fever in the coming years. In the absence of specific antiviral treatments and with vaccines still in development, surveillance and vector control are essential to suppress re-emergence Nature Reviews Disease Primers | (2023) 9:17 2 0123456789();: PrimerWith the increasing global distribution of the Aedes mosquitoes and their ability to adapt to urban settings, the urban transmission cycle is increasingly important. Here, during a blood meal on an infected person, the female mosquito ingests the virus, which infects various mosquito tissues, including the salivary glands. During a subsequent blood meal by the infected mosquito, the virus is deposited in the skin of an uninfected person along with mosquito saliva, infecting the person and perpetuating the viral replication cycle 14 . Phylogenetic analysis identified three distinct lineages corresponding to their respective geographical origin: West African, East Central South African (ECSA) and Asian lineage 15,16 . The ECSA lineage is further divided into two clades: ECSA1, which consists entirely of ancestral CHIKV sequences, and ECSA2, which contains sequences from the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Gabon and the Republic of Congo 17,18 . Since its discovery in 1952, CHIKV has been reported to be circulating and causing sporadic outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2004, an ECSA CHIKV strain emerged in Kenya and subsequently spread to the Indian Ocean Islands, where it caused outbreaks of an unprecedented magnitude, particularly in La Réunion [19][20][21][22][23][24] . The extent of this outbreak has led to the emergence of a fourth phylogenetic lineage termed Indian Ocean lineage, which has subsequently dispersed to Asia and India 25 and caused autochthonous transmission (local disease spread) in Mediterranean Europe (Italy and France) 26,27 .In December 2013, another major outbreak occurred when a strain from the Asian lineage emerged for the first time on the Caribbean Saint Martin Island, from where the virus spread to more than 50 countries of the South American continent, causing a conservatively estimated 1 million infections 28,29 . In 2014, the ECSA lineage was reported in Northeast Brazil, where it continues to circulate as the most prevalent strain today 30 .Most of the Indian Ocean lineage is characterized by an adaptive mutation in the E1 glycopr...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chikungunya fever

Bartholomeeusen

Daniel²,

LaBeaud

et al. 2023

Nat Rev Dis Primers

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“…Our newly developed VEE complex and MADV/EEEV rRT-PCR can be rapidly incorporated into diagnostic algorithms in endemic regions. The currently developed rRT-PCR allowed us to detect VEEV viral RNA in samples collected from patients in the first few days of symptoms, whereas alphavirus IgM and IgG antibody responses usually develop >5-7 days post symptom onset [28]. Interestingly, three patients with detectable VEE RNA were also VEEV IgM and IgG-reactive, suggesting that VEEV re-infections are possible, a finding with potential implications for alphavirus vaccine development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex, Madariaga and Eastern equine encephalitis viruses genome detection in human and mosquito populations

Carrera

Araúz²,

Rojas

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background. Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) complex, eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), and Maradiaga virus (MADV), are associated with severe neurological disease in human and equine hosts. We aimed to overcome the lack of available molecular diagnostics for these pathogens by designing and clinically evaluating real-time reverse transcription PCRs (rRT-PCRs) for 1) VEE complex and 2) MADV/EEEV. Methodology/Principal Findings. Primers and probes were designed from alignments of all publicly available complete genome sequences for VEE complex, EEEV and MADV. Linear range for the VEE complex and MADV/EEEV rRT-PCRs extended from 2.0 to 8.0 log10 copies/uL with exclusive detection of the respective viruses. Fifteen serum samples from febrile patients collected from 2015 and 2017 outbreaks in Panama were tested to evaluate the new assays. Ten samples (66.7%) samples were positive for VEEV, and in one sample, rRT-PCR detected both VEEV and MADV. Early acute samples (≤ 3 days since onset) with coincidental anti-VEEV IgM and IgG antibodies were also found positive for VEEV viral RNA. Of 150 mosquito pools, 3 tested positive for VEEV by rRT-PCR. Two of these also yielded VEEV isolates. Conclusions. The VEE complex and MADV/EEEV rRT-PCRs provide accurate detection while yielding significant benefits over available molecular methods. Data from the clinical evaluation provide further evidence for VEE complex and MADV co-infections and suggest that re-infection with VEE complex viruses is possible.

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“…Prior reviews indicate that the immune response data have been collected from CHIKV, with a dearth of knowledge about such responses to other viruses [211, 231]. Other reviews show that self-amplifying RNA vaccines could be an effective approach [232].…”

Section: Current Studies For Alphavirus Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alphaviruses: Host pathogenesis, immune response, and vaccine & treatment updates

Guerrero-Arguero

Freitas

Weber

et al. 2021

Journal of General Virology

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Human pathogens belonging to the Alphavirus genus, in the Togaviridae family, are transmitted primarily by mosquitoes. The signs and symptoms associated with these viruses include fever and polyarthralgia, defined as joint pain and inflammation, as well as encephalitis. In the last decade, our understanding of the interactions between members of the alphavirus genus and the human host has increased due to the re-appearance of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in Asia and Europe, as well as its emergence in the Americas. Alphaviruses affect host immunity through cytokines and the interferon response. Understanding alphavirus interactions with both the innate immune system as well as the various cells in the adaptive immune systems is critical to developing effective therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the latest research on alphavirus-host cell interactions, underlying infection mechanisms, and possible treatments.

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Insights into Antibody-Mediated Alphavirus Immunity and Vaccine Development Landscape

Cited by 10 publications

References 225 publications

Chikungunya fever

Chikungunya fever

Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex, Madariaga and Eastern equine encephalitis viruses genome detection in human and mosquito populations

Alphaviruses: Host pathogenesis, immune response, and vaccine & treatment updates

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