Insights into Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB), Various Approaches for its Diagnosis, 
 Control and its Public Health Concerns: An Update

Tuberculosis remains as the world’s biggest threat. In 2014, human tuberculosis ranked as a major infectious disease by the first time, overcoming HIV death rates. Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic disease of global distribution that affects animals and can be transmitted to humans by the consumption of raw milk, representing a serious public health concern. Despite the efforts of different countries to control and eradicate bovine tuberculosis, the high negative economic impact on meat and milk production chains remains, given the decreased production efficiency (approximately 25%), the high number of condemned carcasses, and increased animal culling rates. This scenario has motivated the establishment of official programs based on regulations and diagnostic procedures. Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis are the major pathogenic species to humans and bovines, respectively, nontuberculous mycobacteria within the Mycobacterium genus have become increasingly important in recent decades due to human infections, including the ones that occur in immunocompetent people. Diagnosis of mycobacteria can be performed by microbiological culture from tissue samples (lymph nodes, lungs) and secretions (sputum, milk). In general, these pathogens demand special nutrient requirements for isolation/growth, and the use of selective and rich culture media. Indeed, within these genera, mycobacteria are classified as either fast- or slow-growth microorganisms. Regarding the latter ones, incubation times can vary from 45 to 90 days. Although microbiological culture is still considered the gold standard method for diagnosis, molecular approaches have been increasingly used. We describe here an overview of the diagnosis of Mycobacterium species in bovine milk.

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“…The disease is caused by M. bovis, although other species of the genus Mycobacterium may affect cattle 11 , 12 , 42 .…”

Section: Bovine Tuberculosis: General Aspects Of the Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of mycobacteria in bovine milk: an overview

Bolaños

Paula

Guerra

et al. 2017

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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“…Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic bacterial zoonotic disease and easily spreads to humans through inhalation of aerosols or ingestion of unpasteurized infected milk (Prasad et al, 2005 Verma et al, 2014a). The bTB is widely prevalent and causes 10-25% loss in productivity (Verma et al, 2014b).…”

Section: Tuberculosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, many outbreaks of emerging diseases like bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), paramyxovirus infection in pigs (Nipah) and horses (Hendra), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), rabies, tuberculosis, bovine corona virus, Lyme disease, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, West Nile virus and zoonotic H5Nl avian influenza were detected, which causes significant morbidity and mortality in the developing world (Hansa et al, 2013;Verma et al, 2014a;Goswami et al, 2014;Madhu et al, 2016). Many diseases re-emerge with new strains that facilitate them to escape from present control measures.…”

Section: Emerging Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, diagnosis, management and control of important diseases of ruminants with special reference to indian scenario

Saminathan¹,

Rana²,

Ramakrishnan³

et al. 2016

JEBAS

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India possess huge livestock population, which is endangered by different endemic infectious diseases (bacterial, viral, protozoan and parasitic), which collectively causes significant economic losses to the landless poor farming community. Infectious diseases impose economic losses by causing morbidity, mortality, decreased production (milk, meat, wool etc.), decreased feed conversion ratio which results in reduced weight gain, decreased draught power and fertility. Furthermore, economic burden is also due to the cost of treatment, abortion, consequences on internal livestock movement, germplasm and international trade. In addition, some of the diseases are zoonotic and inflicts considerable impact on public health. Uncertain agrarian climate, unpredictable weather, drought, floods, migration of livestock, scarcity of fodders, and unhygienic zoo-sanitary and healthcare practices together resulted in endemicity of diseases ultimately leads to more incidence and prevalence of livestock and poultry diseases throughout the year. Synchronized monitoring and surveillance of disease throughout the country is a fundamental requirement for sustainable livestock production. With fairly developed telecommunication in India, following technologies like interactive voice response system, SMS through mobile/cell phones and toll-free landline phones (voice mail) are required for enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of

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“…The survival period varies from 18 to 332 days at 12-24 C which is dependent on sunlight exposure. It is found that M. bovis best survives in frozen tissue and there are adverse effects of tissue preservatives, that is, sodium tetraborate on viability [18]. It has been found that the culture of the organism can be done for approximately 2 years in samples that are stored artificially [14,18].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Tuberculosis: A Concern and Strategies to Combat

Teppawar¹,

Chaudhari²,

Moon³

et al. 2018

Basic Biology and Applications of Actinobacteria

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Mycobacterium bovis is the main causal agent of bovine tuberculosis that causes zoonotic tuberculosis in humans. The most common routes of transmission of the agent to human are airborne transmission, consumption of unpasteurized milk, direct contact with infected animals or untreated animal products. Conventional diagnostic methods in combination with modern molecular and immunological techniques should be used for early and accurate diagnosis of the disease. Some of the challenges to tackle and eradicate zoonotic TB in developing countries are having many hosts, absence of early diagnosis, presence of other acute diseases, being economically unable to implement control strategies, and other social and cultural issues. Usually treatment is not recommended in animals but vaccination is carried out in some countries as a preventive measure. Due to the grave consequences of M. bovis infection on animal and human health, it is necessary to introduce accurate control measures to reduce the risk of disease in human and animal populations. Proper food hygiene practices, slaughter of the affected animals in developed countries, and segregation of the suspected animals in developing countries along with stronger intersectoral collaboration between the veterinary and medical professions are important for the control of the disease.

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Insights into Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB), Various Approaches for its Diagnosis, Control and its Public Health Concerns: An Update

Cited by 14 publications

References 98 publications

Diagnosis of mycobacteria in bovine milk: an overview

Diagnosis of mycobacteria in bovine milk: an overview

Prevalence, diagnosis, management and control of important diseases of ruminants with special reference to indian scenario

Zoonotic Tuberculosis: A Concern and Strategies to Combat

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