Insights into the 3D architecture of an active caldera ring-fault at Tendürek volcano through modeling of geodetic data

Bathke, H.; Nikkhoo, Mehdi; Holohan, Eoghan P.; Walter, Thomas R.

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.03.041

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…It is also possible that the western portion of the caldera rim fault – which was not activated during the 2014–2015 collapse – has an outward dip, meaning the caldera overall has a piston‐type geometry, but with the piston dipping to the west. This phenomenon has been observed at Tendurek volcano (Bathke et al, ). Detailed source inversion of a M 5.6 earthquake caused by caldera subsidence preceding the 1996 Gjálp eruption suggests it was caused by slip on multiple segments of the ring fault, dipping outward at the west and inward or vertically in the east (Figure ; Fichtner & Tkalčić, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…Off‐centered (trapdoor‐style) collapse is a relatively common feature of natural calderas, though not so frequently recreated in analog models (Holohan et al, ). Recent examples include Sierra Negra (Jónsson et al, ), Piton de la Fournaise (Massin et al, ), and Tendurek volcanoes (Bathke et al, ). This phenomenon has been explained by off‐centered magma efflux, asymmetric mechanical properties of the crust overlying the magma reservoir (and hence asymmetric development of faulting) or the currently active magma reservoir having different dimensions and/or a different location to that which was active at the time the caldera ring faults were first developed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intense Seismicity During the 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga‐Holuhraun Rifting Event, Iceland, Reveals the Nature of Dike‐Induced Earthquakes and Caldera Collapse Mechanisms

et al. 2019

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Over 2 weeks in August 2014, magma propagated 48 km laterally from Bárðarbunga volcano before erupting at Holuhraun for 6 months, accompanied by collapse of the caldera. A dense seismic network recorded over 47,000 earthquakes before, during, and after the rifting event. More than 30,000 earthquakes delineate the segmented dike intrusion. Earthquake source mechanisms show exclusively strike‐slip faulting, occurring near the base of the dike along preexisting weaknesses aligned with the rift fabric, while the dike widened largely aseismically. The slip sense of faulting is controlled by the orientation of the dike relative to the local rift fabric, demonstrated by an abrupt change from right‐ to left‐lateral faulting as the dike turns to propagate from an easterly to a northerly direction. Around 4,000 earthquakes associated with the caldera collapse delineate an inner caldera fault zone, with good correlation to geodetic observations. Caldera subsidence was largely aseismic, with seismicity accounting for 10% or less of the geodetic moment. Approximately 90% of the seismic moment release occurred on the northern rim, suggesting an asymmetric collapse. Well‐constrained focal mechanisms reveal subvertical arrays of normal faults, with fault planes dipping inward at ∼60° ± 9°, along both the north and south caldera margins. These steep normal faults strike subparallel to the caldera rims, with slip vectors pointing toward the center of subsidence. The maximum depth of seismicity defines the base of the seismogenic crust under Bárðarbunga as 6 km below sea level, in broad agreement with constraints from geodesy and geobarometry for the minimum depth to the melt storage region.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intense Seismicity During the 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga‐Holuhraun Rifting Event, Iceland, Reveals the Nature of Dike‐Induced Earthquakes and Caldera Collapse Mechanisms

et al. 2019

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“…The strongest coeruption subsidence signal was also within the caldera. This sharply bounded uplift deformation within the caldera could possibly be due to buried outward dipping ring fault activity [Bathke et al, 2015;Gudmundsson et al, 2016] (Figure 3a). Long-term uplift (i.e., reservoir inflation) in the presence of caldera topography would cause tension along the caldera rim and on its flanks [Acocella et al, 2015], whereas compression would occur at the caldera's floor and on the shallow part of the ring fault (Figure 3a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2015 Wolf volcano (Galápagos) eruption studied using Sentinel‐1 and ALOS‐2 data

Jónsson

Ruch

et al. 2016

Geophysical Research Letters

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An energetic eruption started on 25 May 2015 from a circumferential fissure at the summit of Wolf volcano on Isabela Island, western Galápagos. Further eruptive activity within the Wolf caldera followed in mid‐June 2015. As no geodetic observations of earlier eruptions at Wolf exist, this eruption provides an opportunity to study the volcano's magmatic plumbing system for the first time. Here we use interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data from both the Sentinel‐1A and ALOS‐2 satellites to map and analyze the surface deformation at four time periods during the activity. These data allow us to identify the two eruption phases and reveal strong coeruptive subsidence within the Wolf caldera that is superimposed on a larger volcano‐wide subsidence signal. Modeling of the surface displacements shows that two shallow magma reservoirs located under Wolf at ~1 km and ~5 km below sea level explain the subsidence and that these reservoirs appear to be hydraulically connected. We also suggest that the transition from the circumferential to the intracaldera eruption may have involved ring fault activity.

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“…3 ), due to their very close proximity to regional and caldera faults 4 . The FE models employed do not account for faulting related processes, which can act as strain barriers 38 and may reactivate due to magmatic accumulation 39 , and could provide an explanation for the discrepancy between modelled and observed deformation vectors.…”

Section: Strain Partitioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermomechanical controls on magma supply and volcanic deformation: application to Aira caldera, Japan

Hickey

Gottsmann

Nakamichi

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Ground deformation often precedes volcanic eruptions, and results from complex interactions between source processes and the thermomechanical behaviour of surrounding rocks. Previous models aiming to constrain source processes were unable to include realistic mechanical and thermal rock properties, and the role of thermomechanical heterogeneity in magma accumulation was unclear. Here we show how spatio-temporal deformation and magma reservoir evolution are fundamentally controlled by three-dimensional thermomechanical heterogeneity. Using the example of continued inflation at Aira caldera, Japan, we demonstrate that magma is accumulating faster than it can be erupted, and the current uplift is approaching the level inferred prior to the violent 1914 Plinian eruption. Magma storage conditions coincide with estimates for the caldera-forming reservoir ~29,000 years ago, and the inferred magma supply rate indicates a ~130-year timeframe to amass enough magma to feed a future 1914-sized eruption. These new inferences are important for eruption forecasting and risk mitigation, and have significant implications for the interpretations of volcanic deformation worldwide.

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Insights into the 3D architecture of an active caldera ring-fault at Tendürek volcano through modeling of geodetic data

Cited by 26 publications

References 43 publications

Intense Seismicity During the 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga‐Holuhraun Rifting Event, Iceland, Reveals the Nature of Dike‐Induced Earthquakes and Caldera Collapse Mechanisms

Intense Seismicity During the 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga‐Holuhraun Rifting Event, Iceland, Reveals the Nature of Dike‐Induced Earthquakes and Caldera Collapse Mechanisms

The 2015 Wolf volcano (Galápagos) eruption studied using Sentinel‐1 and ALOS‐2 data

Thermomechanical controls on magma supply and volcanic deformation: application to Aira caldera, Japan

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