Insights into the Effects of Insecticides on Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae): Resistance Mechanisms and Molecular Basis

Abstract

With the passage of time and indiscreet usage of insecticides on crops, aphids are becoming resistant to their effect. The different classes of insecticides, including organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids and neonicotinoids, have varied effects on insects. Furthermore, the molecular effects of these insecticides in aphids, including effects on the enzymatic machinery and gene mutation, are resulting in aphid resistance to the insecticides. In this review, we will discuss how aphids are affected by the overuse of pesticides, how resistance appears, and which mechanisms participate in the resistance mechanisms in various aphid species as significant crop pests. Gene expression studies were analyzed using the RNA-Seq technique. The stress-responsive genes were analyzed, and their expression in response to insecticide administration was determined. Putative insecticide resistance-related genes, cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, carboxylesterase CarEs, ABC transporters, cuticle protein genes, and trypsin-related genes were studied. The review concluded that if insecticide-susceptible aphids interact with ample dosages of insecticides with sublethal effects, this will result in the upregulation of genes whose primary role is to detoxify insecticides. In the past decade, certain advancements have been observed regarding insecticide resistance on a molecular basis. Even so, not much is known about how aphids detoxify the insecticides at molecular level. Thus, to attain equilibrium, it is important to observe the manipulation of pest and insect species with the aim of restoring susceptibility to insecticides. For this purpose, this review has included critical insights into insecticide resistance in aphids.

Perfect Complementarity Mechanism for Aphid Control: Oligonucleotide Insecticide Macsan-11 Selectively Causes High Mortality Rate for Macrosiphoniella sanborni Gillette

“…Unfortunately, due to the development of resistance, the relative ineffectiveness of organophosphates [19], pyrethroids [20], neonicotinoids [21], and carbamates [22] against aphids is often detected.…”

High Value-Added Application of Natural Products in Crop Protection: Discovery and Exploration of Caffeoyl and Flavonoid Derivatives from Clematis brevicaudata DC. as Novel Insecticide Candidates

“…The GST and CarE could activate the detoxification system and alleviate the toxicity symptoms of insects as important detoxification enzymes. 40,41 The CarE participated energetically in the resistance of pyrethroid and organophosphorus insecticides in various pest species. 42−44 In this study, CarE gained enhanced detoxification ability because of compound 1, which further suggested that CarE was connected to the detoxification metabolism of 1.…”

Transcriptomic and Metatranscriptomic Analyzes Provide New Insights into the Response of the Pea Aphid <em>Acyrthosiphon pisum</em> (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to Acetamiprid

“…Insecticide resistance arises from a complex interplay of genetic, physiological, and environmental factors, including the rapid evolution of resistance mechanisms within aphid populations. Resistance mechanisms include insensitivity of the target site, metabolic detoxification, and behavioral adaptations, which together reduce the efficacy of chemical insecticides [7,8]. Recent studies have documented resistance to acetamiprid in several aphid species [9][10][11][12][13].…”