Insights into the mechanism of gold action provided by immunotoxicology: biooxidation of gold(I) to gold(III) detected by sensitized T-cells

Gleichmann, Ernst; Kubicka-Muranvi, M.; Kind, Phyllis D.; Goldermann, R.; Goerz, G; Merk, H.; Rau, Rolf

doi:10.1007/bf00332566

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Several reports describe the cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity of both gold (I) (Grootveld et al, 1990;Gleichmann et al, 1991;Griem & Gleichmann, 1996) and gold (III) (Gleichmann et al, 1991;Griem, & Gleichmann, 1996;Mirabelli et al, 1985, Cossu et al, 1994Svensson et al, 2002) compounds. Much less data is available concerning the safety of biomedical applications of metallic gold nanoparticles.…”

Section: Some Biological Properties Of Colloidal Gold (Table 2)mentioning

confidence: 95%

Colloidal metallic gold is not bio-inert

et al. 2008

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Metallic gold (Au degrees ) is a likely biotransformation product of monovalent gold, Au(I) whenever it is dissociated from in vivo ligands, Au degrees being formed either by bioreduction or by spontaneous dismutation (with co-production of trivalent gold). This review discusses the preparation and some biologically relevant properties of colloidal metallic gold (CMG) in its nano-particulate form. Tyndall's purple, a well characterised preparation of CMG, shows potent anti-arthritic activity in rats, approximately 10(3) times that of sodium aurothiomalate (Myocrysin). Even more remarkable is its broader spectrum of action in rats compared to this classic DMARD.

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Section: Some Biological Properties Of Colloidal Gold (Table 2)mentioning

confidence: 95%

Colloidal metallic gold is not bio-inert

et al. 2008

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“…Of 7 rheumatoid arthritis patients on long-term Au therapy, one gave a positive LTT with Au(III) (as gold trichloride), but not with sodium aurothiomalate. [48]. In one series of 52 patients, 73 % of those with a positive patch test had a positive LTT with Na 3 Au(S 2 O 3 ) 2 [49,50].…”

Section: Ltt For the Diagnosis Of Metal-induced Allergic Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic relevance of the lymphocyte transformation test for sensitization to beryllium and other metals (IUPAC Technical Report)

Klein¹,

Schwenk²,

Heinrich‐Ramm³

et al. 2004

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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The lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) has been proven useful especially in the diagnosis of drug-induced allergic disorders. It is an in vitro test which is based on the fact that lymphocytes, which have been sensitized by a certain antigen, transform into blasts and proliferate when they are again exposed to this antigen. This proliferation is determined by measurement of the incorporation of [3H ]-thymidine or bromodeoxyuridine into replicating DNA. The test has the advantage over skin tests of avoiding re-exposure of individuals, and it was, therefore, hoped that it may also help to diagnose metal allergies and especially sensitization toward beryllium. However, the LTT measures only the sensitization of lymphocytes, but not the effector reaction, i.e., there may be positive results in exposed individuals even in the absence of clinical symptoms. There are several reports evaluating the LTT toward gold salts (Au), amalgam (Hg), nickel (Ni), beryllium (Be), and several other metals. With metals other than Be, the LTT appears to be of little use. In contrast, the LTT with Be may, indeed, define patients at risk of developing chronic beryllium disease (CBD), which affects mainly the respiratory tract and may even cause death. Beryllium sensitization progresses to CBD at a rate of 7-11 % per year. Since the Be-LTT can detect sensitization in workers who have not yet developed a disease it is an important diagnostic tool to detect individuals at risk. In conclusion, the LTT can detect a cell-mediated immunological response of an individual to metals. However, for most metals its usefulness is questionable, with the exception of Be; a positive Be-LTT can identify not only patients with CBD, but also persons at risk of developing CBD in later years.

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“…The toxicity of gold nanoparticles inside the biological system has always been an issue of concern. Despite the scientific literature available on cytotoxicity and immunotoxicology of gold(I) − and gold(III) − complexes and recent reports on cytotoxicity of cationic and anionic functionalized gold nanoparticles, to our knowledge, little attention has been focused on the immunological response of cells to gold nanoparticles. Another issue that requires to be tackled prior to serious biomedical application of gold nanoparticles is that of the mode of internalization of the nanoparticles in the cells and their subsequent localization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocompatibility of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Endocytotic Fate Inside the Cellular Compartment: A Microscopic Overview

et al. 2005

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Macrophages are one of the principal immune effector cells that play essential roles as secretory, phagocytic, and antigen-presenting cells in the immune system. In this study, we address the issue of cytotoxicity and immunogenic effects of gold nanoparticles on RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles has been correlated with a detailed study of their endocytotic uptake using various microscopy tools such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal-laser-scanning microscopy (CFLSM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our findings suggest that Au(0) nanoparticles are not cytotoxic, reduce the production of reactive oxygen and nitrite species, and do not elicit secretion of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL1-beta, making them suitable candidates for nanomedicine. AFM measurements suggest that gold nanoparticles are internalized inside the cell via a mechanism involving pinocytosis, while CFLSM and TEM studies indicate their internalization in lysosomal bodies arranged in perinuclear fashion. Our studies thus underline the noncytotoxic, nonimmunogenic, and biocompatible properties of gold nanoparticles with the potential for application in nanoimmunology, nanomedicine, and nanobiotechnology.

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Insights into the mechanism of gold action provided by immunotoxicology: biooxidation of gold(I) to gold(III) detected by sensitized T-cells

Cited by 11 publications

References 5 publications

Colloidal metallic gold is not bio-inert

Colloidal metallic gold is not bio-inert

Diagnostic relevance of the lymphocyte transformation test for sensitization to beryllium and other metals (IUPAC Technical Report)

Biocompatibility of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Endocytotic Fate Inside the Cellular Compartment: A Microscopic Overview

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