Insights into the mechanism of vascular endothelial cells on bone biology

Abstract

In the skeletal system, blood vessels not only function as a conduit system for transporting gases, nutrients, metabolic waste, or cells but also provide multifunctional signal molecules regulating bone development, regeneration, and remodeling. Endothelial cells (ECs) in bone tissues, unlike in other organ tissues, are in direct contact with the pericytes of blood vessels, resulting in a closer connection with peripheral connective tissues. Close-contact ECs contribute to osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis by secreting various cytokines in the paracrine or juxtacrine pathways. An increasing number of studies have revealed that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from ECs can directly regulate maturation process of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The different pathways focus on targets at different distances, forming the basis of the intimate spatial and temporal link between bone tissue and blood vessels. Here, we provide a systematic review to elaborate on the function of ECs in bone biology and its underlying mechanisms based on three aspects: paracrine, EVs, and juxtacrine. This review proposes the possibility of a therapeutic strategy targeting blood vessels, as an adjuvant treatment for bone disorders.

Titanium dioxide dental implants surfaces related oxidative stress in bone remodeling: a systematic review

“…The communication between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts as well as vascular endothelial cells is a fundamental requirement for effective and balanced bone remodeling ( Yin et al, 2021 ). For biomaterial research in manufacturing novel implant, development of in vitro models is necessary to investigate this communication.…”

Repair of Osteoporotic Bone Defects Using Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells and Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Seeded in Chitosan/Nanohydroxyapatite-P24 Nanocomposite Scaffolds

“…It is generally believed that there is a close relationship between angiogenesis and osteogenesis [11,[23][24][25][26]. In the process of articular cartilage degeneration, hypertrophic chondrocytes enable microvessels to grow into the growth Journal of Nanomaterials plate by secreting angiogenic factors, such as VEGF, which leads to cartilage absorption and bone formation [27,28].…”

“…The results show that coculture does not only promote bone regeneration but that it also inhibits bone resorption, which is essential for osteoporotic bone defect repair. Other studies have shown that coculture of endothelial cells and mesenchymal cells can inhibit osteoclast activity [26,42,43]. However, some studies suggest that cocultured microvessels promote osteoclast proliferation and activity [44].…”

Chronic Alcohol Reduces Bone Formation Through Inhibiting Proliferation and Promoting Aging of Endothelial Cells in Type-H Vessels

“…In recent years, the coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis has become a new breakthrough in the treatment of osteoporosis [32]. Primary osteoporosis is characterized by a decrease in the number of sinuses and arterial capillaries in bone tissue, and the same phenomenon also occurs in postmenopausal osteoporosis [33].…”

“…Previous studies found that with aging-related bone loss in mice, the number of type-H vessels decreased, while the number of type-L vessels remained unchanged, and type-H vascular endothelial cells also decreased while the whole bone vascular endothelial cell content remained unchanged. And there is a coupling relationship with the content of osteoblasts in mice [6,33]. The number of type-H vessels in the elderly is much less than that in the young, so the type-H vessels can be used as a sensitive indicator of bone aging and bone mass changes [7].…”