Insoluble chitosan complex as a potential adsorbent for aflatoxin B1 in poultry feed

Abstract

As a class of secondary metabolites or toxins produced by fungi, aflatoxins can poison humans and animals; among them, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most dangerous one owing to its carcinogenic and mutagenic properties that increase risks for hepatocellular carcinoma in humans; hence, adsorbents such as smectites are commonly included in poultry feed to mitigate their effects. In this study, chitosan was crosslinked with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to form an insoluble polymer complex that is stable at the relevant physiological pH levels. The characterization via Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy revealed the interaction between the sulfate groups of the SDS and the amine group of chitosan (1,016 and 819 cm−1); this result was further confirmed by the X-ray diffraction patterns with a change in the crystalline structure of the chitosan-insoluble complex (2θ = 4.76°, 7°, and 22°). The morphology of the chitosan-insoluble complex obtained using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) revealed that particles were slightly porous. After characterization, the performance of the chemically modified polymer complex was evaluated as an adsorbent for AFB1 and compared with those of the unmodified chitosan, soluble chitosan complex, and commercial montmorillonite clay binder. In addition, the polymer complex was investigated as an adsorbent in an in vitro model for the poultry gastrointestinal system. Sequestration of AFB1 by a chemically modified polymer complex was 93.4%, equivalent to that of commercial montmorillonite clay (99.5%). However, these treatments also sequestered microminerals, particularly selenium and iron. This pH-stable, high-capacity adsorbent could be used in poultry feed to reduce the uptake of AFB1.

Adsorptive removal of aflatoxin B1 from water and edible oil by dopamine-grafted biomass chitosan–iron–cobalt spinel oxide nanocomposite: mechanism, kinetics, equilibrium, thermodynamics, and oil quality

“…The kinetics for the adsorption of 50.0 μg mL −1 AFB 1 on DC/CFOS NC was investigated using the quasi-1st-order and quasi-2nd-order kinetic models in a constant-temperature laboratory (25 °C) at various times (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 h) (eqn (10) and (11)), respectively. 6,11,13 Q t = Q e − Q e e k 1 t where Q t is the adsorption capacity at the intended time (mg g −1 ), Q e is the adsorption capacity at equilibrium (mg g −1 ), t is the adsorption time (min), K 1 is the first-order constant rate (min −1 ), and K 2 is the second-order constant rate (min −1 ).…”

“…The kinetics for the adsorption of 50.0 mg mL −1 AFB 1 on DC/CFOS NC was investigated using the quasi-1st-order and quasi-2nd-order kinetic models in a constant-temperature laboratory (25 °C) at various times (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 h) (eqn (10) and ( 11)), respectively. 6,11,13…”

“…The description of the interactive behavior between the different initial dosages of AFB 1 (50-100 mg mL −1 ) and DC/CFOS NC at four temperatures (278, 288, 298 and 308 K) and the evaluation of the adsorptive capacities of DC/CFOS NC were investigated using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin isotherm, and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption isotherm models (eqn ( 5)-( 9)). 10,11 Based on the value of the adsorption index (n) (eqn ( 6)), n > 1 or n < 1 indicates that the adsorption process is easy or difficult to occur, respectively. Besides, the separation factor (R L ) values demonstrate if the adsorption is unfavorable (R L > 1), linear (R L = 1), favorable (0 < R L <1), and irreversible when R L = 0 (eqn ( 7)).…”

“…1 Adsorption binders as a key component of the adsorption process have attracted signicant attention, and consequently many inorganic (such as resins, mineral clay, attapulgite, bentonite, kaolinite, Fe/3D-WS 2 nanoowers, and ower-like mesoporous magnesium silicate composites), organic (such as activated carbon, b-D-glucans, chitosan, cellulose, and plant derivatives), and biological (such as lactic acid bacteria, laccase-inorganic hybrid nanoower, and yeast cell walls) adsorbents have been utilized. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Nonetheless, to realize the challenging adsorption in future industries, high-quality adsorbents are still required. An adsorbent can be bound to the target toxins mostly based on the differences in the hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature of the adsorbent, and consequently interaction between the adsorbent with the toxin and matrices.…”