Inspection of White Layer in Hard Turned Components Using Electrochemical Methods

Harrison, Ian S.; Oles, E. J.; Singh, Preet M.

doi:10.1115/1.2540655

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The featureless appearance of white layer after etching is not a result of its resistance to the etchant but is simply due to its very small grain structure, which scatters incoming light. 76 The microstructural observation in the study suggests that mechanical deformation and thermal effects are important in white layer formation during grinding and turning. The tempered martensite white layer of the turned AISI 52100 specimens exhibited diminished etching (attributed to finer structure and/or mechanical deformation), a lower twin density (slower transformation rate), and higher retained austenite content when compared to that of the ground surface.…”

Section: White Layer Formationmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Process parameters in hard turning have a narrower range of acceptable values than in conventional turning, and failure to properly optimize may lead to a combination of poor tool life, poor surface finish, unacceptable dimensional accuracy, or the onset of chatter. 15 Further in hard turning it is important to clarify the mechanisms and factors responsible for saw-tooth chip formation. It is also important to study the transition from continuous to saw-tooth chips and the effect of cutting parameters, work material properties influencing these transitions.…”

Section: Fig 1 Comparison Of Conventional Machining and Hard Turningmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tool wear, chip formation and workpiece surface issues in CBN hard turning: A review

Dogra

Sharma

Sachdeva

et al. 2010

Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf.

121

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Steel parts that carry critical loads in everything from automotive drive trains and jet engines to industrial bearings and metal-forming machinery are normally produced by a series of processes, including time-consuming and costly grinding and polishing operations. Due to the advent of super-hard materials such as polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) cutting tools and improved machine tool designs, hard turning has become an attractive alternative to grinding for steel parts. The potential of hard turning to eliminate the costs associated with additional finishing processes in conventional machining is appealing to industry. The objective of this paper, is to survey the recent research progress in hard turning with CBN tools in regard of tool wear, surface issues and chip formation. A significant pool of CBN turning studies has been surveyed in an attempt to achieve better understanding of tool wear, chip formation, surface finish, white layer formation, micro-hardness variation and residual stress on the basis of varying CBN content, binder, tool edge geometry, cooling methods and cutting parameters. Further important modeling techniques based on finite element, soft computing and other mathematical approaches used in CBN turning are reviewed. In conclusion, a summary of the CBN turning and modeling techniques is outlined and the scope of future work is presented.

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Section: White Layer Formationmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Fig 1 Comparison Of Conventional Machining and Hard Turningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tool wear, chip formation and workpiece surface issues in CBN hard turning: A review

Dogra

Sharma

Sachdeva

et al. 2010

Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf.

121

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The formation and presence of white layer generated during classical hard turning has always been a limiting factor in the adoption of hard turning on the shop floor. It was therefore necessary to investigate whether or not the extent of white layer was affected by the use of SDM therefore SEM imaging was employed in accord with the traditional procedure [49]. Figure 11 compares the extent of white layer formation under the two test cases.…”

Section: Inspection Of the Machined Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in the surface defect machining (SDM) of hard steels

Rashid

Goel²

2016

Journal of Manufacturing Processes

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Abstract:This paper reports the realisation of precision surface finish (Ra 30 nm) on AISI 4340 steel using a conventional turret lathe by adapting and incorporating a surface defect machining (SDM) method [Wear, 302, 2013[Wear, 302, (1124[Wear, 302, -1135]. Conventional ways of machining materials are limited by the use of a critical feed rate, experimentally determined as 0.02 mm/rev, beyond which no appreciable improvement in the machined quality of the surface is obtained. However, in this research, the novel application of an SDM method was used to overcome this minimum feed rate limitation ultimately reducing it to 0.005 mm/rev and attaining an average machined surface roughness of 30 nm. From an application point of view, such a smooth finish is well within the values recommended in the ASTM standards for total knee joint prosthesis. Further analysis was done using SEM imaging, white light interferometry and numerical simulations to verify that adapting SDM method provides improved surface integrity by reducing the extent of side flow, microchips and weldments during the hard turning process.

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“…It could be applied not only to studying the corrosion resistance of components after surface treatment [23][24][25] but also to evaluating the integrity of components [26]. Harrison et al [27] investigated the corrosion resistance of white layer in NaOH solution using electrochemical methods. However, this research merely focused on the white layer produced with different machining methods or different cutting parameters, and it did not involve electrochemical properties of specimens with different subsurface microstructures (no obvious change, dark layer, and white layer) produced in the process of tool wear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical characteristics of white layer generated by hard milling AISI H13 steel

Yan

Zhang

et al. 2014

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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In the field of hard cutting, researches on white layer have become more extensive and in-depth in recent years, because white layer has an important influence on the performances and life of components. Nevertheless, properties of white layer, especially its corrosion properties, have not been well understood or clearly defined. In this study, specimens with different subsurface microstructures (no obvious change, dark layer, and white layer) were produced in the process of tool wear to analyze their electrochemical properties using electrochemical methods. It was found that electrochemical properties were distinct between specimens with and without white layer. A specimen with white layer had obviously lower electrochemical impedance and more anodic steady-state open-circuit potential than that without white layer in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. That is to say, specimens with white layer were prone to corrosion in this solution. The results also manifest that electrochemical method can be a reliable, convenient, and nearly nondestructive method to detect white layer.

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Inspection of White Layer in Hard Turned Components Using Electrochemical Methods

Cited by 17 publications

References 10 publications

Tool wear, chip formation and workpiece surface issues in CBN hard turning: A review

Tool wear, chip formation and workpiece surface issues in CBN hard turning: A review

Advances in the surface defect machining (SDM) of hard steels

Electrochemical characteristics of white layer generated by hard milling AISI H13 steel

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