Instrumentation requirements for radiological defense of the U. S. population in community shelters. Final report

Abstract

Allocation of radiological instruments was based on a computer simulation of a Community Shelter Program (CSP) posture. This simula tion combined for the first time data consisting of National Shelter Survey (NSS) data, the Bureau of the Census 1970 count of home base ments, the 1970 residential population, the CRP-2B hypothetical nuclear »ttack, and geographical coordinates for each of 42,000 Standard Loca tion Areas (SLAs) throughout the United States. This detailed data base allowed the estimation of the number of NSS facilities and spaces occupied within a specified radius frori a given SLA. The allocations of radiological instruments for th*. CSP mode were based on a shelter posture in which all NSS shelters in the home SLA and empty NSS spaces in adjoining SLAs within a 1-mile radium could be occupied. Home basements were shared, with up to 50 people per basement, in areas where there were insufficient NSS shelter spaces. Aboveground NSS spaces and those with a protection factor (PF) less than 40 were not used in SLAs in which the blast overpressure from the CRP-2B attack would be 2 psl or greater. In this posture, 31% of the U.S. population was sheltered in NSS shelters, 60Z in home base ments, and 9Z in neither. Of 36 million home basements, approximately one million were shared with nonresidents. Only 18Z of the total NSS shelter spaces were utilized because of the elimination of aboveground •paces In risk areas and the 1-mlle distance restriction. Occupied NSS shelters were categorized by waiter of occupants to provide a basis for Instrument allocation. Thirty-seven percent of the occupied NSS shelters had less than 50 occupant? each, and six percent had an average occupancy of about: 2300.

Synthesis and Structure of Half‐Sandwich Zincocenes

“…ϪZnϪMe arrangement (177.4°). The ZnϪC distances to the ring carbon atoms concentrate With respect to the ZnϪMe moiety of compound 2 its length of 1.94 Å is comparable to that found in ZnMe 2 (1.930(2) Å by gas electron diffraction [9]; 1.945 Å , computed value from DFT calculations [12]). This bond length is significantly shorter than the ZnϪC distance to the η 1ring of the slip-sandwich structures of zincocenes (formally this geometry may be considered as a half-sandwich structure), with the exception of Zn(C 5 Me 4 SiMe 3 ) 2 .…”

“…Since there are no relevant features in this structure it is not further discussed. Instead we concentrate on the structure of 2 (Figure 1) and in the comparison of the structural parameters of this complex with those of the parent (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )ZnMe (Figure 2), as obtained from gas electron diffraction [9].…”

“…In the crystal it is a polymer consisting of a puckered chain of zinc atoms [8] each bound to a terminal methyl group and to two bridging cyclopentadienyl units, with coordination between η 2 and η 3 . The compound is monomeric in benzene and also in the gas phase [9], with a relatively strong ZnϪMe bond of 1.903(12) Å and weaker Zn-η 5 -C 5 H 5 interactions of ca 2.28 Å .…”

Noncatalytic Electrodes for Solid‐Electrolyte Oxygen Sensors

“…However, in those applications where nonequilibrium oxygen content in the presence of combustible gases is the desired quantity to be measured, platinum electrodes are not appropriate. Noncatalytic electrodes for solid-electrolyte oxygen sensors would be necessary in these cases [e.g., oxygen monitoring during air-fired in situ oil shale retorting (4) or coal gasification, control of air-fired furnaces for decreased pollution and maximized efficiency, or monitoring the presence of combustible gases (5)]. Reduction or elimination of the catalytic activity of the electrodes must be accomplished without diminishing the characteristics of electrodes which allow them to perform as good oxygen electrodes.…”

“…Much of the data were collected with a new design of solid-electrolyte oxygen sensor which was developed for our primary application of in situ oil shale retorting. This sensor, which has been described elsewhere (4,6), does not use a flowing gas reference or a fixed metal/metal oxide buffer reference. Rather, it uses electrochemical transfer of oxygen in and out of the internal volume of the sensor as a technique to generate its own internal reference.…”