Insulin Resistance in Diabetes

Chronic Methylglyoxal Infusion by Minipump Causes Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction and Induces Type 2 Diabetes in Sprague-Dawley Rats

“…The fasting elevated plasma glucose and low insulin levels (Table 1) are features of type 2 diabetes (1), which is characterized by insulin resistance, impaired β-cell function, and glucose regulation, leading to β-cell failure. In the case of type 2 diabetes, functional β-cells vary in numbers, with gradual progressive apoptosis in the advanced stages.…”

“…In the early type 2 diabetes, the insulin resistance, characterized by defects in the insulin signaling pathway (28), elicits a compensatory increase in pancreatic insulin secretion and higher than normal plasma insulin levels. As the disease progresses, insulin release from the pancreas becomes reduced, because of apoptosis and decrease in β-cell numbers in the later stages, resulting in lower than normal plasma insulin levels and hyperglycemia (1,29). The apoptosis of pancreatic islet β-cells in type 2 diabetes differentiates it from the necrosis of β-cells seen in type 1 diabetes.…”

“…Type 2 diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and progressive decrease in insulin secretion from the pancreas (1). A genetic predisposition has been found in many patients.…”

Obesity and Gallbladder Disease

“…21,22 Historically, the earliest indication of the association between inflammation and insulin resistance goes back to the observations made in the late 1950s when an elusive "insulin antagonist" activity was described in the serum of a patient suffering from foot gangrene and infection; when this patient's serum was transferred to mice, it could antagonize the hypoglycemic effects of insulin. [23][24][25] In the 1980s, Feingold and Grunfeld demonstrated that infection or administration of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, caused dyslipidemia and metabolic abnormalities. 26,27 Bagby and Lang also demonstrated the impact of TNFα administration in inducing insulin resistance.…”

Insulin and Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents1 I

“…In cases of insulin resistance, which may be caused by antibody formation to animal insulins (Field, 1962), the use of insulins which are structurally closer to human insulin or less antigenic than beef or pork insulins is sometimes successful. De-alinated pork insulin (Akre et al, 1964), sulphated pork insulin (Little and Amott, 1966), and fish insulin (Jayarao et al, 1969) have been used for this purpose, but are not readily available.…”