Intake of Fruits and Vegetables and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in a Pooled Analysis of 14 Cohort Studies

Abstract

Fruit and vegetable intake may protect against pancreatic cancer, since fruits and vegetables are rich in potentially cancer-preventive nutrients. Most case-control studies have found inverse associations between fruit and vegetable intake and pancreatic cancer risk, although bias due to reporting error cannot be ruled out. In most prospective studies, inverse associations have been weaker and imprecise because of small numbers of cases. The authors examined fruit and vegetable intake in relation to pancreatic cancer risk in a pooled analysis of 14 prospective studies from North America, Europe, and Australia (study periods between 1980 and 2005). Relative risks and 2-sided 95% confidence intervals were estimated separately for the 14 studies using the Cox proportional hazards model and were then pooled using a random-effects model. Of 862,584 men and women followed for 7−20 years, 2,212 developed pancreatic cancer. The pooled multivariate relative risks of pancreatic cancer per 100-g/day increase in intake were 1.01 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99, 1.03) for total fruits and vegetables, 1.01 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.03) for total fruits, and 1.02 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.06) for total vegetables. Associations were similar for men and women separately and across studies. These results suggest that fruit and vegetable intake during adulthood is not associated with a reduced pancreatic cancer risk. diet; fruit; pancreatic neoplasms; prospective studies; vegetables Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire.

Dietary food groups intake and cooking methods associations with pancreatic cancer: A case–control study

“…We found that deep fried vegetable intake is associated with increased risk of PC, which contradicts with raw vegetable use [35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. In this case-control study, we found an inverse association between frequency of fruit intake and PC risk, which is in line with the results of other case-control studies [37,40]; however, prospective studies have reported imprecise associations because of small numbers of cases [35,39,41].…”

Flavonoid and lignan intake and pancreatic cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition cohort

“…An inverse association of borderline significance became apparent between flavanones and pancreatic cancer risk after restricting the analysis to these cases. The positive trend we observed for flavan‐3‐ol monomers, flavonols and theaflavins, was not consistent in all our analyses nor statistically significant, and is also not supported by the fact that the major food sources of these subclasses (tea, coffee, fruits and vegetables) are not linked to pancreatic cancer risk 20, 39, 40…”

“…A compelling argument of a possible lack of association between dietary flavonoids and lignans with pancreatic cancer risk is that fruits, their major food sources, seem not to play a role in the aetiology of this cancer 20. However, an association between intake of flavonoids and lignans with pancreatic cancer risk is plausible given their observed preventative effects against diabetes 21, 22…”

Apple intake and cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

“…One was a multinational study conducted in nine countries worldwide (Italy, Spain, Poland, Northern Ireland, India, Cuba, Canada, Australia and Sudan) (21) Cohort studies were published between 1998 and 2012; nine were conducted in the USA (30,31,(34)(35)(36)(37)39,40,45) and eight were conducted in Europe (32,33,38,(41)(42)(43)(44)46) . Pooled analysis were conducted in the USA, Canada, Europe and Australia and included from seven to fourteen prospective studies (47)(48)(49)(50) . Seven cohort studies were on lung cancer (1 912 199 cohort and 12 913 incident cases), two on colorectal cancer (796 305 cohort and 6367 incident cases), three on breast cancer (479 219 cohort and 9195 incident cases), and one each on oesophageal, pancreatic, bladder, kidney, endometrial, head-neck, urothelial, stomach and all types of cancer.…”