Intake, sources, and determinants of free sugars intake in Australian children aged 12–14 months

Devenish, Gemma; Ytterstad, Elinor; Begley, Andrea; Do, Loc; Jordan, Scott

doi:10.1111/mcn.12692

Cited by 18 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Koh et al reported that Australian and British mothers were more likely to introduce hot chips/ French fries early in the weaning period than women born in other countries [18]. Similarly, in an earlier analysis of the SMILE data we reported that at 12 to 14 months of age, sons of women born in Australia were more likely than sons of women born in other countries to exceed the WHO recommendation that less than 5% of total energy should be derived from free sugars [59]; but this association was not significant for daughters.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Sources and Determinants of Discretionary Food Intake in a Cohort of Australian Children Aged 12–14 Months

Coxon

Devenish

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Despite recommendations to the contrary, consumption of discretionary (energy-dense, nutrient-poor) foods begins for some children early in the weaning period, and the proportion of children consuming discretionary foods increases markedly in the second year of life. The purpose of this study was to determine intake and sources of discretionary foods in a cohort of 828 Australian toddlers (mean age: 13.1mo), and to identify determinants of discretionary food intake. At approximately 12 months of age, 3 non-consecutive days of dietary intake data were collected using a 24-h recall and 2-day food record, and the percentage total energy derived from discretionary foods was estimated. Linear regression was used to identify associations between discretionary food intake and socio-demographic determinants (mother’s age, level of education, country of birth, pre-pregnancy body mass index, socioeconomic position, parity, age of child when mother returned to work, and child’s sex) and age at which complementary foods were introduced. The average energy intake of children in this cohort was 4040 (±954.7 SD) kJ with discretionary foods contributing an average of 11.2% of total energy. Sweet biscuits, and cakes, muffins, scones and cake-type desserts contributed 10.8% and 10.2% of energy intake from discretionary foods, respectively. Other key contributors to energy intake from discretionary foods included sausages, frankfurters and saveloys (8.3%), vegetable products and dishes where frying was the main cooking technique (8.6%), butter (7.3%), and finally manufactured infant sweet or savory snack foods (9.3%). Higher intakes of discretionary food were associated with children having two or more siblings (p = 0.002), and being born to younger mothers (<25 years) (p = 0.008) and mothers born in Australia or the United Kingdom (p < 0.001). Parents, in particular young mothers and those with larger families, need practical guidance on how much of, and how often, these foods should be eaten by their children.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Sources and Determinants of Discretionary Food Intake in a Cohort of Australian Children Aged 12–14 Months

Coxon

Devenish

et al. 2019

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“…At present, little is known about when and in what forms free sugars enter the diet, as children move through the weaning period towards a dietary pattern reflective of their family’s diet. Free sugars intakes at 1 year of age have recently been reported for participants in the Study of Mothers’ and Infants’ Life Events affecting oral health (SMILE) [22]. This research extends this work to report findings for the same cohort at 2 years of age.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Free Sugars Intake, Sources and Determinants of High Consumption among Australian 2-Year-Olds in the SMILE Cohort

et al. 2019

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In the first 2 years of life, it is important to limit exposure to foods high in free sugars, in order to lay foundations for lifelong eating patterns associated with a reduced risk of chronic disease. Intake data at this age is limited, so compliance with recommendations is not known. This analysis describes free sugars intakes, food sources and determinants of high consumption among Australian children at 2 years of age. Free sugars intakes were estimated using a customized Food Frequency Questionnaire, and median usual free sugars intake at 2 years was 22.5 (Interquartile Range (IQR) 12.8–37.7) g/day, contributing a median 8% of the estimated energy requirement (EER). Based on the EER, most children (71.1%) exceeded the World Health Organization recommendation that <5% of energy should come from free sugars, with 38% of participants exceeding the <10% recommendation. Children from households with the greatest socioeconomic disadvantage were more likely to exceed the 10% recommendation (Prevalence Ratio (PR) 1.44, 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) 1.13–1.84), and be in the top tertile for free sugars intake (PR 1.58, 95% CI 1.19–2.10) than the least disadvantaged. Main sources of free sugars were non-core foods, such as fruit juice, biscuits, cakes, desserts and confectionery; with yogurt and non-dairy milk alternatives the two notable exceptions. Improved efforts to reduce free sugars are needed from the introduction of solid food, with a particular focus on fruit juice and non-core foods.

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“…Children from households with the greatest socioeconomic disadvantage were more likely to exceed the WHO recommendations that <10% of energy should come from free sugars than the least disadvantaged. 30 Those children were also more likely to be in the top tertile for free sugars intake (PR: 1.58 (1.19–2.10)) than the least disadvantaged. Further differences in health behaviours and practices beyond free sugars intake have been found according to sociodemographic factors.…”

Section: Key Findings To Datementioning

confidence: 98%

“… 29 Between 1 and 2 years, intake of free sugars increased sharply, contributing 3.6% (IQR: 1.6–4.8) of total energy intake at 1 and 22.5% at 2 years (IQR: 12.8–37.7). 30 The proportion of participants that exceeded the WHO recommendations that <10% of energy should come from free sugars 9 increased substantially from 1 (2.5%) to 2 years (38.0%). A quarter of participants exceeded the WHO <5% energy from free sugars recommendation 9 at 1 year, increasing to 71.1% at 2 years.…”

Section: Key Findings To Datementioning

confidence: 99%

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Study of Mothers’ and Infants’ Life Events Affecting Oral Health (SMILE) birth cohort study: cohort profile

Bell

et al. 2020

BMJ Open

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PurposeThe long-term goal of the Study of Mothers’ and Infants’ Life Events Affecting Oral Health (SMILE) birth cohort study is to identify and evaluate the relative importance and timing of critical factors that shape the oral health of young children. It will then evaluate those factors in their inter-relationship with socioeconomic influences.ParticipantsSMILE is a single-centre study conducted in Adelaide, Australia. All newborns at the main three public hospitals between July 2013 and August 2014 were eligible for inclusion. The final recruited sample at birth was 2181 mother/infant dyads. Participants were followed up with questionnaires when the child was 3 and 6 months of age, and 1, 2 and 5 years of age. Oral epidemiological examinations and anthropometric assessments were conducted at age 2 and 5 years.Findings to dateSMILE has contributed comprehensive data on dietary patterns of young children. Intakes of free sugars, core and discretionary foods and drinks have been detailed. There was a sharp increase in free sugars intake with age. Determinants of dietary patterns, oral health status and body weight during the first 5 years of life have been evaluated. Socioeconomic characteristics such as maternal education and household income and area-level socioeconomic profile influenced dietary patterns and oral health behaviours and status.Future planFunding has been obtained to conduct oral epidemiological examinations and anthropometric assessments at age 7–8 years. Plans are being developed to follow the cohort into adolescent years.

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Intake, sources, and determinants of free sugars intake in Australian children aged 12–14 months

Cited by 18 publications

References 41 publications

Sources and Determinants of Discretionary Food Intake in a Cohort of Australian Children Aged 12–14 Months

Sources and Determinants of Discretionary Food Intake in a Cohort of Australian Children Aged 12–14 Months

Free Sugars Intake, Sources and Determinants of High Consumption among Australian 2-Year-Olds in the SMILE Cohort

Study of Mothers’ and Infants’ Life Events Affecting Oral Health (SMILE) birth cohort study: cohort profile

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