Integrated assessment of contemporary hydro-geomorphologic evolution of the Indus River Estuary, Pakistan in context to regulated fluvial regimes

Ijaz, Muhammad Wajid; Mahar, Rasool Bux; Ansari, Kamran; Siyal, Altaf Ali; Anjum, Muhammad Naveed

doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106657

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The observed peak monthly runoff values occur in July, August, and September (Figure S1), with exceptional five peak values occurring in the last 30 years due to climate change. The summer monsoonal peak flows are augmented by snowmelt, which transports sediments from Pajnad River to Indus River (Inam et al 2007). The average annual monsoonal values occurred in Guddu with a discharge value of 11,262 to 603,280 ft 3 s À1 , with an average upstream (U/S) water level 244.82 to 257.9 ft.…”

Section: Description Of Study Basinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, these activities not only cause deterioration of the river conditions, such as hydro-geomorphology, bank erosion, and bank failure (Yang et al 2015), but also adversely affect the ecosystem and biodiversity (Jain 2012). Therefore, assessment of river morphology and sediment balance is inevitable for the restoration and sustainability of the channel ecosystem (Ijaz et al 2020). The trends of changes in the amount of scouring were examined, and the appropriate estimation/prediction of scour pit depth can be attained by varying the conditions containing change in wave height, current speed, and bed particles (Yamini et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the morphological trends and sediment dynamics in the Indus River, Pakistan

Boota

Yan

Idrees

et al. 2021

Journal of Water and Climate Change

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The Lower Indus reaches – Guddu and Sukkur – are among the most complicated areas in terms of reach migration. Both climate change and human activities in recent periods along with pond system operation accelerated riverine channel morphology. A GIS-based approach using multi-temporal Landsat images (1986–2020) was employed to characterize the morphometric parameters. Results showed that width of the study reaches varied from 2.1 to 12 km. The braiding index (BI) value for Guddu reach varied from 3.47 to 7.18, and BI value for Sukkur reach varied from 2.11 to 4.92. It is observed that no erosive activity of banks occurred for peak runoff value of <5,880 m3s−1. The sediment load during low flow (LF) period was estimated to be 0.715 million tons/day which comprised 77% fine sediment and 23% sand. The sediment load during high flood (HF) period was about 1.296 million tons/day. The median size (D50) of bed material during the HF period was 0.101–0.206 mm and during LF period was <0.0625 mm. The rough set theory (RST) showed that velocity, shear stress, slope, runoff, and sediment load factors are majorly causing the river shape changes. This study is a standpoint of planning flood recovery, riverine regulations, and navigation safety.

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Section: Description Of Study Basinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the morphological trends and sediment dynamics in the Indus River, Pakistan

Boota

Yan

Idrees

et al. 2021

Journal of Water and Climate Change

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“…Global river delta concerns have gotten a lot of attention since they are socioeconomic centres, but they are getting worsen day by day due to the hazards of coastal erosion, floods, sea level rising, increase in population, and poor governance (Syvitski et al 2005;Ijaz et al 2020;Ve et al 2021). The delta formation occurred at the river-sea interface when river sediment is accumulated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Indus River originated from the Himalayan range and flows through China, India, and then Pakistan, which finally discharges into the Arabian Sea. The Indus River is the 12th biggest transboundary drainage watershed and almost 80% agriculture depends on this river (Ijaz et al 2020). The existing dam (Terbela) at the upper reach of the Indus River has significantly reduced the sediment load at Lower Indus River, but deforestation, land-use changes, population exposed to riverbanks, and climate-based flood events have increased the erosive action in the channels (Carling 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hydro-sediment budget is also directly jeopardized by sand mining's, thus, sand mining and sediment load variations are undoubtedly supported with alterations of top channel width. Thus, an entire ecosystem has been considerably disrupted as a result of combined influence of the affected hydro-geomorphology (Ijaz et al 2020). This is indicated by a reduction in organic matter, changes in geochemistry, inhibited growth of mangrove forests, and increase in estuarine salinity (Inam et al 2007;Lückge et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Appraisal of hydro-ecology, geomorphology, and sediment behavior during low and high floods in the Lower Indus River Estuary

Boota

Yan

Soomro

et al. 2022

Journal of Water and Climate Change

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The riverine ecosystem is beholden by the freshwater; however, morphological changes and sediment load destabilize the natural river system which deteriorates the ecology and geomorphology of the river ecosystem. The Lower Indus River Estuary (LIRE) geomorphological response was synthesized using satellite imagery (1986–2020) and evaluated against the field measurements. The estuary sinuosity index has an increasing trend from 1.84 (1986) to 1.92 (2020) and the estuary water area is increased from 101.41 km2 (1986) to 110.24 km2 (2020). The sediment load investigation at Kotri barrage indicated that the median size of bed material samples during the low-flow period falls between 0.100 and 0.203 mm and the bed material after the high flow has clay and silt (<0.0623 mm) ranging from 17–95% of the total weight of samples. The vegetated land loss on the banks is positively correlated with the peak runoff at Kotri barrage (r2=0.92). The bank erosion was computed with high precision (r2=0.84) based on an improved connection of the coefficient of erodibility and excess shear stress technique. This study will be helpful for policymakers to estimate the ecological health of LIRE, and sediment fluxes play an essential role in the mega-delta system and coastal management.

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Effects of riverbed incision on the hydrology of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

Binh

Kantoush

Takemon

et al. 2021

Hydrological Processes

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The hydrogeomorphology of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) has been significantly altered by natural and anthropogenic drivers. In this study, the spatiotemporal changes of the flow regime were examined by analysing the long-term daily, monthly, annual and extreme discharges and water levels from 1980 to 2018, supported by further investigation of the long-term annual sediment load (from the 1960s to 2015), river bathymetric data (in 1998, 2014 and 2017) and daily salinity concentration (from the 1990s to 2015) using various statistical methods and a coupled numerical model. Then, the effects of riverbed incision on the hydrology were investigated. The results show that the dry season discharge (i.e., in March-June) of the Tien River increased by up to 23% from the predam period (1980-1992) to the postdam period (1993-2018) but that the dry season water level at My Thuan decreased by up to −46%. The annual mean and monthly water levels in June at Tan Chau and in January and June-October at My Thuan in the Tien River decreased statistically, even though the respective discharges increased significantly. These decreased water levels instead of the increased discharges were attributed to the accelerated riverbed incision upstream from My Thuan, which increased by more than three times, from a mean rate of −0.16 m/year (−16.7 Mm 3 /year) in 1998-2014 to −0.5 m/year (−52.5 Mm 3 /year) in 2014-2017. This accelerated riverbed incision was likely caused by the reduction in the sediment load of the VMD (from 166.7 Mt/year in the predam period to 57.6 Mt/year in the postdam period) and increase in sand mining (from 3.9 Mm 3 in 2012 to 13.43 Mm 3 in 2018). Collectively, the decreased dry season water level in the Tien River is likely one of the main causes of the enhanced salinity intrusion.

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Integrated assessment of contemporary hydro-geomorphologic evolution of the Indus River Estuary, Pakistan in context to regulated fluvial regimes

Cited by 11 publications

References 45 publications

Assessment of the morphological trends and sediment dynamics in the Indus River, Pakistan

Assessment of the morphological trends and sediment dynamics in the Indus River, Pakistan

Appraisal of hydro-ecology, geomorphology, and sediment behavior during low and high floods in the Lower Indus River Estuary

Effects of riverbed incision on the hydrology of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

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